Real exchange capacity

All ions in the system, whether specifically adsorbed or not, must be expected to saturate partially the ion exchange capacity arising from these relatively pH-independent sources. For this reason an isoelectric point defined in terms of hydrogen and hydroxyl ion adsorption is hypothetical, and in any real system, the pH at which zero surface charge is observed will depend upon the system composition. 

The ion-exchange resins synthesized from SDVB copolymers obtained by two-stage copolymerization, described as above, have higher porosity, real density, and exchange capacity as compared to those prepared from SDVB copolymers obtained by one-stage polymerization of styrene and DVB The extent of improvement depends on the composition of the first stage. The best properties are obtained when the first stage contains 10% DVB units. 

Here, Ca is the capacity of the ion-exchange resin measured in moles of A per unit volume. The integral in Equation (11.49) measures the amount of material supplied to the reactor since startup. Breakthrough occurs no later than zr = L, when all the active sites in the ion-exchange resin are occupied. Breakthrough will occur earlier in a real bed due to axial dispersion in the bed or due to mass transfer or reaction rate limitations. 

A wide variety of SPE materials and cartridges are commercially available for example, alkyl-diol silica-based restrictive access materials (RAMs) and a variety of silica- and polymer-based SPE materials of different binding abilities and capacities. Reversed-phase, size-exclusion, ion-exchange SPE, and turbulence flow methods will be discussed in this chapter related to real-world applications. 

Examination of the equation shows that controlling separations (changing log k or retention) by affinity differences is not very powerful. Options for controlling the separation are limited. The resin capacity, sample ion charge, and affinity of a sample (/feq) for a particular column is usually constant or not easily changed. The only real variables are the eluent type (affinity of eluant ion for the ion exchanger), eluent ionic... 

The sum of the heat capacity rates for all smaller units is equal to the total heat capacity rates of the real maldistributed heat exchanger. 

A least-squares optimization routine is employed to systematically adapt the heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and convective heat exchange coefficient of the simulation model until a good agreement between measured and simulated impedance spectra is achieved. Final values of the parameter variation process represent the thermal parameters of the real battery. Figure 8 compares an impedance spectrum from measurement data with an impedance spectrum derived from the result values of the optimization process. As a good agreement... 

There was a 2 MB bandwidth optical network connecting the two manufacturing facilities that were 10 kilometers apart. Before the e-SCM system was implemented, data transfer in the ERP system consumed almost all the network capacity. The existing optical network was not sufficient to handle the large volume of data transfer that was going to take place in a real-time system like the e-SCM system. Response time of handheld devices was quite slow due to the limited bandwidth, particularly when the ERP system was also exchanging data. In order to address the capacity... 

The specific heat capacity of an ideal gas is the basic quantity for the enthalpy calculation, as it is independent from molecular interactions. It is also possible to define a real gas heat capacity, but for process calculations it is more convenient to account for the real gas effects with the enthalpy description of the equation of state used (see Section 6.2). In process calculations, the specific heat capacity of ideal gases mainly determines the duty of gas heat exchangers, and it has an influence on the heat transfer coefficient as well. 

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