Reagent enzyme-generated

Numerous lectins have been purified and are commercially available three plant lectins that have been widely used experimentally are listed in Table 47-7. Among many uses, lectins have been employed to purify specific glycoproteins, as tools for probing the glycoprotein profiles of cell surfaces, and as reagents for generating mutant cells deficient in certain enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of oligosaccharide chains. 

Virtually all the reactions described for molecular level functionalization are, in principle, applicable to surface functionalization as well, and additional alternatives also become possible. In our program we have been able to do this using a wide variety of reagents to generate hydroxyl, arylamino, arylcarboxylate, sulfonic acid, epoxide, and allyl-units at the polymer surfaces, and to use these functional sites to control hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity or to link metals, enzymes, or other biologically active species to the surface regions (75-S9). Inherent in this work has been the... 

The technique is versatile for determination of a wide variety of species that can participate in the CL process, such as CL substrates or CL precursors responsible for the excited state the necessary reagent for the CL reaction (usually an oxidant) some species that affect the rate or efficiency of the CL reaction activators such as catalysts (enzymes or metal ions) or inhibitors such as reductants that inhibit the CL emission fluorophores in the case of sensitized CL some species that are not directly involved in the CL reaction but that can react with other reagents in coupled reactions to generate a product that is a reactant in the CL reaction species that can be derivatized with some CL precursors or fluorophores, being determined by direct or sensitized CL. 

For the hydrolysis of phosphate esters under mild conditions, metal ions and metal complexes are the most efficient nonenzymatic reagents currently available. However, they do not reach the catalytic efficiency of enzymes, and higher reactivities are desirable in view of applications. To mimic enzymatic dinuclear sites is a strategy to generate more efficient artificial phosphoesterases. 

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is based on the specific reaction between an antibody and an antigen. One of the reagents in the reaction is labeled with an enzyme that generates a colorimetric product that can be measured with a spectrophotometric device. The color intensity correlates with the concentration of specific antibody and the respective antigen. The reaction can be formatted in various ways in a multiwell plate (microtiter plate) with the common formats being the sandwich assay, the competitive assay, and the direct assay. (See Figure 11.1.)... 

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