Reactive oxygen species . See

After an additional 10 years of research it is still not entirely clear what the signaling molecule is. Van Bel and Gaupels (2004) recently reviewed the possible signaling molecules that could induce SAR. The list includes jasmonic acid, lipid-derived molecules, reactive oxygen species (see Chapter 2, Section 1.9), oligosaccharides, mRNA molecules, calcium, and various peptides. 

Approximately 5 to 10% of the glucose metabolized by red blood cells is used to generate NADPH by way of the hexose monophosphate shunt. The NADPH is used to maintain glutathione in the reduced state. The glutathione cycle is the red blood cell s chief defense against damage to proteins and lipids by reactive oxygen species (see Chapter 24). 

Cancer is one of the diseases in which a role has been implicated (see Table 13.1) for free radicals. Comprehensive accounts of the involvement of reactive oxygen species in human diseases may be found in Halliwell and Gutteridge (1989), Aruoma (1993) and in Cheeseman and Slater (1993). 

Lipid peroxidation (see Fig. 17.2) is a chain reaction that can be attacked in many ways. The chain reaction can be inhibited by use of radical scavengers (chain termination). Initiation of the chain reaction can be blocked by either inhibiting synthesis. of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or by use of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), complexes of SOD and catalase. Finally, agents that chelate iron can remove free iron and thus reduce Flaber-Weiss-mediated iron/oxygen injury. 

As we shall see later ( 5.4), there is some evidence that many, if not all of these reactive oxygen species are generated by phagocytosing neutrophils during the respiratory burst. The production of some of these is established beyond doubt, whereas the production of others, such as -OH, is controversial. 

Risk labels, lATA/ICAO, 751-3 Risk phrases, 621, 748, 749 River water, peroxide determination, 642 RNA, ozone disinfection, 616 ROS see Reactive oxygen species Rose Bengal sensitized photooxidation, 890 Rotational barriers, regioselective allylic hydroperoxide formation, 836, 847-9 Rotational isomers, peroxynitrous add, 8-9 Rotational spectra, ozonides, 721, 722-3 RP-HPLC, hydrogen peroxide determination, 627... 

Semen, reactive oxygen species, 612 Sensorial quaUty appreciation, oxidation stabihty, 664 Semm protein oxidative damage, 614 see also Human seram Sesquiterpenes, stractural chemistry, 133-6 SET see Single electron transfer Sharpless epoxidation, allylic alcohols, 789 Shelf durability, peroxide value, 656 Ship-in-the-bottle strategy, chiral dioxetane synthesis, 1176-7... 

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