Reactive modification, thermoplastic

This article provides a review of thermoplastic starch polymers [unlike polymers with added granular starch] including an introduction to biodegradable polymers and thermoplastic starch polymers a review of thermoplastic starch polymer development a review of reactive modification of thermoplastic starch, examining the structure-property relationships of thermoplastic starch and a review of commercial thermoplastic starch polymer applications. 

Synonyms Butanoic acid, 3,3-bis ((1,1-dimethylethyl) dioxy)-, ethyl ester Ethyl 3,3-bis (t-butylperoxy) butyrate Ethyl-3,3-di-(t-butylperoxy) butyrate Classification Org. peroxide Empirical C14H28O6 Properties M.w. 292.36 NFPA Health 2, Flammability 2, Reactivity 2 Uses Polymerization initiator initiator for curing elastomers and for polymer modification thermoplastic crosslinking agent Trade Name Synonyms Aztec EBU-40-G t[Aztec Peroxides] Aztec EBU-40-IC f[Aztec Peroxides]... 

Keywords fracture toughness, crack, impact resistance, reactive rubbers, thermoplastics, phase separation, interlaminar modification. 

Kwiatkowski K and Roslaniec Z (2003) Preparation of thermoplastic elastomers by the reactive modification of poly(ethylene terephthalate), Sci Bapers Inst Org Bolym Technol Wroclaw Uni Technol 52 500-504. 

Nadkarni V M and Rath A K (2002) Blends of thermoplastic polyesters, in Handbook of Thermoplastic Polyesters (Ed. Fakirov S) Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp. 835-893. Xanthos M (2002) Reactive modification/compatibilization of polyesters, in Handbook of Thermoplastic Polyesters (Ed. Fakirov S) Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp. 815-833. Karger-Kocsis J (2002) Recycling options for post-consumer PET and PET containing waste by melt blending, in Handbook of Thermoplastic Polyesters (Ed. Fakirov S) Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp. 1291-1318. 

Particle/particle interactions induce aggregation, while matrix/filler interaction leads to the development of an interphase with properties different from those of both components. Both influence composite properties significantly. Secondary, van der Waals forces play a crucial role in the development of these interactions. Their modiflcation is achieved by surface treatment. Occasionally reactive treatment is also used, although its importance is smaller in thermoplastics than in thermoset matrices. In the following sections of this chapter attention is focused on interfacial interactions, their modification and on their effect on composite properties. 

D. R. Paul, High performance engineering thermoplastics via reactive compatibihzation, in Modification and Blending of Synthetic and Natural Macromolecules, F. CiardeUi and S. Penczek (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2003, Chapter 14. 

Starch is the major carbohydrate reserve in higher plants and has been a material of choice since the early days of human technology. Recently starch gained new importance as a raw material in the production of plastics, in particular, for the synthesis of monomers to produce polymers such as polydactic acid) and, after chemical modification (e.g. esterification) and thermomechanical processing, to produce thermoplastic starch. This chapter gives a general overview of the most recent research on the development of materials from starch, focusing on thermoplastic starch and the perspectives for future development in this field. A brief review on reactive extrusion of thermoplastic starch is also provided. 

In order to adjust the properties of these starch-based materials to the desired application, it is necessary to combine starch with other polymers, as frequently done in the plastic industry. The need for tuneable properties may also require starch modifications, such as esterification or etherification, grafting and reactive or melting extrusion of thermoplastic starch (TPS). The main forms of starch utilization as a polymer are (i) starch grafted with vinyl monomers, (ii) starch as a filler of other polymers and (iii) plasticized starch (PLS), commonly known as TPS. 

Theron, J.P., Knoetze, J.H., Sanderson, R.D., Hunter, R., Mequanint, K., Franz, T. et al (2010) Modification, crosslinking and reactive electrospinning of a thermoplastic medical polyurethane for vascular graft applications. Acta Biomater., 6 (7), 2434-2447. 

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