Raw score

Indicator and sample selection are not the only choices a researcher has to make when using MAXCOV. A decision also has to be made about interval size, that is, how finely the input variable will be cut. Sometimes it is possible to use raw scores as intervals that is, each interval corresponds to one unit of raw score (e.g., the first interval includes cases that score one on anhedonia, the second interval includes cases that score two). This is what we used in the depression example. This approach usually works when indicators are fairly short and the sample size is very large, since it would allow for a sufficient number of cases with each raw score. In our opinion, this is the most defensible method of interval selection and should be used whenever possible. However, research data usually do not fit the requirements of this approach (e.g., the sample size is too small). Instead, the investigator can standardize indicators and make cuts at a fixed distance from each other (e.g.,. 25 SD), thereby producing intervals that encompass a few raw scores. 

SSMAXCOV analyses were performed with the two sets of single indicators. Extreme values of the input indicators were combined in a single interval until there were at least 50 cases present in each interval, effectively setting MRIN at 50. MAXCOV was applied to the two sets of paired indicators with an interval size being set to one in raw score units that is, each interval corresponded to a specific raw score. MAXCOV was also applied to the theoretical indicators, and instead of using the same interval size (e.g.,. 25 SD) for all indicators, each marker was divided into ten equal intervals. This deviation from standard procedures does not seem to pose any obvious problems, but it has not been tested in simulation studies, so this particular set of findings should be interpreted with caution. MRINs were not reported for either of the MAXCOV analyses. 

Finally, as with most pairwise alignment scores (Arratia and Waterman, 1985), the profile-to-sequence match scores need to be normalized as a function of the sequence and the profile s effective lengths. It was noted empirically that the raw scores of profile optimal matches against negative control sequences varied approximately as the logarithm of the sequence length times the profile s information content. The latter is calculated as the mutual information,... 

Here the second sum is over the gaps in the profile of length, lj. Our raw scores are thus divided by a normalizing constant that is proportional to the logarithm of the sequence s length times the profile IC. This is similar to the normalization used for sequence against sequence alignments (Arratia and Waterman, 1985 Smith et al., 1985). 

These raw scores are next normalized using a simple utility function U = 100 (score/max), where max is the maximum score of all solvents on this constraint. This function simply translates all values onto a 0 to 100 range. This translation assists in comparing solvents against several constraints. 

Once you have ruled out as many incorrect choices as you can, you will have to guess. There is no penalty for guessing on the GRE. If you guess incorrectly, one point is deducted from your possible raw score. If you leave the question blank, one point is deducted from your possible raw score. 

Raw Score Verbal Scaled Score Verbal % Below Quantitative Scaled Score Quantitative % Below... 

Your raw score is the result of adding correct answers, subtracting incorrect answers, and then rounding the result to the nearest whole number. 

Your raw score is the total number of correct answers. 

Once questions are scored, raw scores are converted to scaled scores, using an equating process. 

Along with information about your scaled score, The College Board also includes information about your raw score. The raw score tells you how well you did on each type of critical reading, math, and writing question—how many questions you answered correctly, how many you answered incorrectly, and how many you left blank. You can use this information to determine whether you can improve on a particular type of question. If you have already taken the SAT, use this information to see where you need to focus your preparation. 

On the SAT Chemistry test, your raw score is calculated as follows You receive one point for each question you answer correctly, but you lose one-quarter point for each question you answer incorrectly. You do not gain or lose any points for questions that you do not answer at all. Your raw score is then converted into a scaled score by a statistical method that takes into account how well you did compared to others who took the same test. Scaled scores range from 200 to 800 points. Your scaled score will be reported to you, to your high school, and to the colleges and universities that you designate to receive it. 

At the end of each test you ll also find scoring information. Calculate your raw score, then use the table provided to find your approximate scaled score. The scaling on the real test may be slightly different, but you ll get a good idea of how you might score on the actual test. 

Raw Score Test Score Raw Score Test Score Raw Score Test Score Raw Score Test Score Raw Score Test Score... 

To obtain a common reference frame for SARI analysis, raw scores are converted into z-scores using the sample mean and standard deviation of the scores of a reference set of different activity classes. For initial SARI calculations discussed herein, a set of 16 representative compound classes was used as a reference set (Table 4.3). Using larger reference sets had no significant influence on the results of the analysis. Thus, the classes studied here were sufficient to calculate statistically sound z-scores. Therefore, the mean and... 

Your raw score — that is, the number of questions you answered correctly minus one-fourth of the number you answered incorrectly—is converted to the scaled score that is reported. This conversion ensures that a scaled score reported for any edition of a Subject Test is comparable to the same scaled score earned on any other edition of the same test. Thus, equal scaled scores on a particular Subject Test indicate essentially equal levels of performance regardless of the test edition taken. Test scores should be compared only with other scores on the same Subject Test. (For example, a 680 on the Computer Science Test is not equivalent to a 680 on the Mathematics Test.)... 

Range of Raw Scores Needed to Earn Selected Scaled Scores on Three Chemistry Test Editions That Differ in Difficulty... 

Raw Score = Number of correct answers minus one-fourth the number of incorrect answers, rounded to the nearest integer. 

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