Rates heterogeneous

J. A. Searles, J. F. Carpenter, and T. W. Randolph, Primary drying rate heterogeneity during pharmaceutical lyophilization, Am. Pharm. Rev., 3, (2000). 

The effects of gas and coal/char feeds and reactor geometries upon these internal processes and, hence, upon the performance of the reactor, can be simulated with this numerical model. The model incorporates representations of particle-particle and particle-gas interactions which account for finite rate heterogeneous and homogeneous chemistry as well as the hydrodynamical processes associated with particle collisions and drag between the particles and the gas flow. The important influences of multicomponent gas phase properties as well as solid particle properties, such as shape and size, are included in the representations. 

Searles, J.A. Carpenter, J.F. Randolph, T.W. Anneahng to optimize the primary drying rate, reduce freezing-induced drying rate heterogeneity, and determine Tg in pharmaceutical lyophilization. J. Pharm. Sci. 2001, 90 (7), 872-887. 

Figure 2 Maximum likelihood tree. Distance analysis was performed using PUZZLE 4.0.2 (Strimmer and von Haeseler, 1996). Because of the unequal rate of nucleotide substitution among the positions, the matrix of maximum likelihood distances was computed using the model of Tamura and Nei (1993) with gamma distance corrections for substitution rate heterogeneity.

Brown, C.J., et al. Evolutionary rate heterogeneity in proteins with long disordered regions. J. Mol. 

Models of Among-Site Substitution Rate Heterogeneity... 

Various rate heterogeneity corrections are implemented in several tree-building programs. For nucleotide data, PAUP 4.0 implements both invariants and discrete gamma models for separate or combined use with time-reversible distance and likelihood tree-building methods and invariants in conjunction with the log-det distance method (see below). For nucleotide, amino acid, and codon data, PAML implements continuous, discrete, and autodiscrete models. For nucleotide and amino acid data, PHYLIP implements a discrete gamma model. 

The substitution model should be optimized to fit the observed data. Lor example, if there is a transition bias, evident by an inordinate number of sites that include only purines or pyrimidines, the likelihood of the data under a model that assumes no bias will never be as good as one that does. Likewise, if a substantial proportion of the sites are occupied by a single base and another substantial proportion have equal base frequencies, the likelihood of the data under a model that assumes that all sites evolve equally will be less than that of a model that allows rate heterogeneity. Modifying the substitution parameters, however, modifies the likelihood of the data associated with particular trees. Thus, the tree yielding the highest likelihood under one substitution model might yield much lower likelihood under another. 

Outstanding properties accelerates crystallization rate, heterogeneous nucleator, P-nucleator, clarifier, induces crystal growth in the polymer, improves mechanical properties, enhances clarity through haze reduction, reduction of cycle time up to 25% in injection molding, excellent thermal stability, low volatility and color stability, increases temperature of crystallization, improves stiffness and transparency... 

Keywords nudeation, primary nudeation, nudeation rate, heterogeneous nudeation, supercooling, homogeneous nudeation, aimeal-ing, self-nudeation, nucleating agents, epitaxy, nudeation in blends, nudeation in copolymers, spherulite, lamellae, p-crystal form, secondary nudeation, nudeation rate. 

Mantzaras J, Appel C Effects of finite rate heterogeneous kinetics on homogeneous ignition in catalytically stabilized channel-flow combustion. Combust Flame 130 336—351, 2002. 

Kuhrmi, C. and Berg, M.A., Dispersed kinetics without rate heterogeneity in an ionic liquid measured with multiple population-period transient spectroscopy, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1,161-164 (2010). 

Soltis, P. S., Soltis, D. E., Savolainen, V., Crane, P. R. and Banaclough, T. G. (2002) Rate heterogeneity among lineages of tracheophytes Integration of molecular and fossil data and evidence from molecular living fossils. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 99 4430-4435. 

Thns, we conducted minimum evolution (ME) searches on LogDet distances using PAUP " 4.0 beta 2 (written by D.L.Swofford). In order to acconnt for the observation of rate heterogeneity across different nucleotide sites in these rRNA sequences (i.e., Mallatt and Sullivan 1998), we used an invariable-sites model. Although Mallatt and... 

Sullivan (1998) demonstrated that a mixed-distribution model (invariable sites plus gamma) fits the rRNA data better than invariable sites alone, several studies have indicated that the invariable sites model is a useful approximation to more complex models of rate heterogeneity across sites (Waddell 1995 Waddell et al. 1997 Sullivan... 

Figure 7.1 Minimum evolution (ME) tree based on LogDet distances of nearly complete rRNA sequences (18S-28S-partial S.8S). Rate heterogeneity among sites was approximated by assuming the proportion of invariable sites, to be 0.615 (see text for justification). Numbers above branches represent bootstrap values the lower numbers represent the ME bootstrap values, the upper numbers represent parsimony bootstrap values, and the middle numbers represent maximum-likelihood (ML) bootstrap values. Note the strong ME and ML bootstrap support for the lamprey+hagfish (cyclostome) clade.

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