Evolutionary Rate

Fleischer, R. C., McIntosh, C. E. and Tarr, C. L. 1998. Evoluhon on a volcanic conveyor belt using phylogeographic reconstructions and K-Ar-based ages of the Hawahan Islands to estimate molecular evolutionary rates. Mol. Ecol. 7 533-545. 

RAUSHER, M.D., MILLER, R.E., TIFFIN, P., Patterns of evolutionary rate variation among genes of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, Mol. Biol. Evol., 1999,16, 266-274. 

Kimura M. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol 1980 16 111. 

Allen [240], Costanzo et al. [241], and Krajcinovic [242-244] that thermodynamics of appropriate internal state variables for damage in composites under mechanical loads were addressed. Similar to the metal plasticity theoreticians, these researchers employed Coleman and Gurtin s [11] thermodynamic framework to determine the kinetic equations. However, unlike the metal internal state variable community that could quantify the evolution equations for dislocations and damage, these polymer-based composites theoreticians did not propose evolutionary rate equations, but just damage state equations. 

An Application to Test the Constancy of Evolutionary Rates. 13 Although useful for understanding how gradual processes behave over time, the mathematics assumes that real-world evolution is a gradual random process it does not (and cannot) demonstrate it. 

Adell, J. C., and Dopazo, J. (1994) Monte Carlo Simulation in Phylogenies An Application to Test the Constancy of Evolutionary Rates, Journal of Molecular Evolution, 38,305-309. 

Kimura, M. 1968. Evolutionary rate at the molecular level. Nature, 217, 624-626. 

Yet despite these multifaceted functions of signal sequences, they are highly variable—between species, between related proteins, etc. Their sequence variability suggests remarkably few constraints on their evolutionary rate of change, whereas the apparent plethora of their functions... 

Cooper, G. M., M. Brudno, E. A. Stone, I. Dubchak, S. Batzoglou, and A. Sidow. 2004. Characterization of evolutionary rates and constraints in three Mammalian genomes. Genome Res 14 539 18. 

Inference of Viral Evolutionary Rates from Molecular Sequences A. Drummond, O.G. Pybus, and A. Rambaut... 

Despite the faster evolutionary rate, the extent of divergence amongst present-day alleles implies that a large fraction of the MHC polymorphism predates the... 

Hughes S. and Mouchiroud D. (2001). High evolutionary rates in nuclear genes of squa-mates. J. Mol. Evol. 53 70-76. 

Olmo E., Capriglione T., Odierna G. (2002). Different genomic evolutionary rates in the various reptile lineages. Gene 295 317-321. 

Features that are directly connected to protein structure have been shown to explain roughly 10% of the variation in evolutionary rate [7]. This result seems initially surprising, given that structure mediates all aspects of a protein s existence. In contrast, expression—the frequency and scale at which a protein is manufactured— may explain up to 40% of evolutionary rate variation [6]. Expression and evolutionary rate vary inversely, with highly expressed proteins tending to evolve at very slow rates. A protein s dispensability (effect on cell growth when absent) and the number of interactions in which it participates explain additional... 

As an example, we will consider the role that structure plays in the apparent dominance of expression in the determination of evolutionary rate. Although several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the significance of expression... 

Errors made during protein translation can result in misfolded proteins, which represent a burden to the cell. Mutations that make a protein more susceptible to error-induced misfolding will result in a loss of fitness. If the mutation occurs in a highly expressed protein, then translational errors (and misfolding events) will be more common, resulting in a larger fitness loss. Hence, protein expression will scale directly with selective constraint, and inversely with evolutionary rate [11]. 

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