Rapid reserve

Metlakatla is another small, island utility in need of rapid reserve for utility stabilization and power-quality purposes. There are also environmental issues involved, i.e., fuel delivery and the stand-down of a diesel generator that would otherwise operate under difficult, inadvisable circumstances. 

The PQ2000 is a commercially available BESS. Following its commercial introduction at Homerville, GA, additional units have been sold and placed in service. This is evidence of commercial maturity and economic viability. Note that its primary application is standby power (rapid reserve) for interventions in the interest of assuring power quality. In one sense, it is an industrial-scale UPS. 

Figure 10-41. For many cooling waters, the fouling resistance increases rapidly, then decreases, and finally approaches an asymptotic value. (Used by permission Knudsen, J. G., Chemical Engineering Progress. V. 87, No. 4, 1991. American Institute of Chemical Engineers. All rights reserved.)...

This table provides a useful starting point for establishing a carbonate BW reserve, but fails to properly address the problem of rapid carbonate breakdown at increasingly higher pressures, such that the desired carbonate residual may never be reached. 

Starvation or disease can lead to rapid release of the stored xenobiotic and to delayed toxic effects. In one well-documented case in the Netherlands (see Chapter 5), wild female eider ducks (Somateria mollissima) experienced delayed neurotoxicity caused by dieldrin. The ducks had laid down large reserves of depot fat before breeding, and these reserves were run down during the course of egg laying. Dieldrin concentrations quickly rose to lethal levels in the brain. Male eider ducks did not lay down and mobilize body fat in this way and did not show delayed neurotoxicity due to dieldrin. 

It is already evident that the turnover rate of a transmitter is only a crude measure of its release rate. Further limitations are that there is appreciable intraneuronal metabolism of some neurotransmitters notably, the monoamines. In such cases, turnover will overestimate release rate. Another problem, again affecting monoamines, is that some of the released neurotransmitter is taken back into the nerve terminals and recycled. This leads to an underestimate of release rate. Despite these drawbacks, studies of turnover rates uncovered some important features of transmitter release. In particular, they provided the first evidence for distinct functional pools of monoamines, acetylcholine and possibly other neurotransmitters a release pool, which could be rapidly mobilised for release, and a storage or reserve pool which had a slower turnover rate. 

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