Rape seed

Vegetable proteins other than that from soy have potential appHcability in food products. Functional characteristics of vegetable protein products are important factors in determining their uses in food products. Concentrates or isolates of proteins from cotton (qv) seed (116), peanuts (117), rape seed (canola) (118,119), sunflower (120), safflower (121), oats (122), lupin (123), okra (124), and com germ (125,126) have been evaluated for functional characteristics, and for utility in protein components of baked products (127), meat products (128), and milk-type beverages (129) (see Dairy substitutes). 

An alternative method of produciag hydrocarbon fuels from biomass uses oils that are produced ia certaia plant seeds, such as rape seed, sunflowers, or oil palms, or from aquatic plants (see Soybeans and other oilseeds). Certain aquatic plants produce oils that can be extracted and upgraded to produce diesel fuel. The primary processiag requirement is to isolate the hydrocarbon portion of the carbon chain that closely matches diesel fuel and modify its combustion characteristics by chemical processiag. 

Menhaden oil Neatsfoot oil Oleic acid Oleo oil Olive oil Palm oil Peanut oil Perilla oil Pine oil Rape seed oil Rosin oil Soya bean oil Sperm oil Tallow Tallow oil Tung oil Turpentine Whale oil... 

Crotonyl isothiocyanate, C4H7. N C S, has been found in Indian rape-seed oil. It is an oil of odour somewhat similar to that of the corresponding allyl compound, and having the following characters —... 

Raps, m. rape (rotbluhender) garden rocket, -kuchen, m. rape (seed) cake, -mehl, n. rape-(seed) meal. -SI, n. rape oil, rapeseed oil, colza oil. -saat, /., -same(n), m. rapeseed, colza. 

Riibol, n. rape oil, rapeseed oil, colza oil -faktis, n. rape oil factice. -kuchen, m. rape-seed cake. 

By way of a specific example let us consider erucic acid. The main commercial source of erucic acid is a specially bred form of rape seed (HEAR) as pointed out above. With European consumption being around 60 000 tpa almost 40 000 ha of land are used to grow rapeseed for erucic acid production in Europe. The high level of erucic found in this type of rape seed oil make it unsuitable for human consumption, owing to the indigestibility of such large amounts of this acid. Erucic acid is also the major fatty acid to be found in nasturtium and crambe seeds (up to 75% and 56% respectively), and it is also found in the salad herb, rocket. 

Chlorophyll catabolism has been intensively studied in some plants, e.g., rape-seed, barley, spinach, tobacco, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Lolium temulentum, Liq-quidambar styraciflua and Arabidopsis thaliana, which present all NCC catabolites with similar basic structures. " This suggests a uniform breakdown of chlorophyll in which the oxidative opening of pheophorbide a seems to be a key step. Structural differences among the compounds have been related to at least six basic types of peripheral transformations. Some of them seem to operate either in sequence or in parallel, depending on the plant species, which caused the appearances of different... 

For certain naturally occurring nontoxic a.i., an enforcement is not sensible (e.g., lecithin, rape seed oil). Analytical methods for residues in soil are not necessary if the DTgo values of the a.i. and relevant metabolites are less than 3 days (e.g., fosetyl), because in general, the results from residue analyses are not meaningful if the a.i. is rapidly degraded. 

As the sensitivity and selectivity of the above GC/MS methods are for many analytes around 1 pg injected into the GC system, cleanup by SiOa fractionation can be omitted when larger sample sizes (25-100 g) are possible. For difficult dry (e.g. hops, pharmaceutical herbs) or oily (e.g. rape seed, fat, liver) materials which start with smaller sample sizes (5-10 g) and tend to overload the chromatographic cleanup systems, however, cleanup is still an important requirement as the GC injection system is vulnerable when the ratio of co-extracted material to analyte is too high. 

The leachate from fescue leaves significantly reduced germination of rape seeds, but the root leachate had no effect (Table II). 

Liquids can be extracted from solids by leaching. As the name implies, the soluble liquid contained in a solid is leached out by contacting the solid with a suitable solvent. A principal application of leaching is in the extraction of valuable oils from nuts and seeds such as, palm oil and rape seed oil. 

Phytoextraction Soils, sediments Metals (Ag, Au, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Zn) Radionuclides (90Sr, 137Cs, 239Pu, 234JJ 238JJ) Sunflowers Indian mustard Rape seed plants Barley, hops Crucifers Serpentine plants Nettles, dandelions... 

Flash fires and explosions which frequently occurred on discharge of the hot products of catalytic hydrogenation of vegetable oils were attributed to formation of phosphine from the phosphatides present to a considerable extent in, e.g., rape-seed and linseed oils. 

In a 5-I. flask fitted with a reflux condenser are placed 2500 cc. of 95 per cent ethyl alcohol and 340 g. (4.5 moles) of commercial (73—75 per cent) potassium hydroxide. The mixture is gently shaken until the hydroxide is dissolved, 1330 g. (1500 cc., approximately 4 equivalents) of rape seed oil is added with shaking (Note 1) and the mixture is refluxed on a steam bath for twenty-five to thirty hours. 

Erudc acid is a constituent of various natural oils but is most conveniently obtained from rape seed oil. The process described above is essentially that of Reimer and Will.1 Methods have been developed for obtaining pure erudc add free from saturated acids,2 but these involve time-consuming procedures of fractional precipitation and crystallization, and necessarily give poor yields. The product obtained above is satisfactory for most purposes. 

If the solution is mixed in this manner, the rape seed oil emulsifies on being poured into the alkali and refluxing begins more smoothly. 

Technically, the prospects for PHAs are very promising. If the price of these materials can be further reduced, application of biopolyesters will also become economically very attractive. At the moment, a worldwide effort is being made to produce PHAs from major crop plants, such as corn, potatoes and rape seed [9, 145-148]. This should ultimately provide cheaper technology for PHA production, leading to the implementation of PHA-based products in everyday life. 

A compounding ingredient with the main functions of a processing aid or extender. Dark factice (sulphur factice) is produced by heating certain unsaturated oils (principally rape seed oil) with sulphur. White factice (sulphur chloride factice) is prepared by treating rape seed oil with sulphur monochloride at normal temperatures. Factice is still sometimes referred to as mbber substitute or simply sub , but these terms are not recommended. 

Fig. 3.6 Human serum albumin (HSA) was produced during the sprouting of transgenic rape-seeds. A light-inducible Rubisco promoter was used to control transgene expression. The highest yield was obtained with light induction after three days of continuous darkness. Sprouting was carried out in an airlift fermentor at room temperature. The sprouting medium was water.

Gluconasturtin Phenylethyl Watercress Nasturtium officinale), rape seed Brassica napus)... 

Motor vehicle traffic is the main source of anthropogenic lead (Pb) emissions. In humans, toxication causes damage to the nervous system and the kidneys along with other harmful effects (Merian 1991). Lead is preferably absorbed by grass and rape seed. Its content reaches values of more than 5 mg kg-1, while the average lead content of the other plant species is relevantly lower and in some cases below the detection limit. 

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