Range, Resolution, Sensitivity

Because T2 tends to be longer for molecules of lower molecular weight, spin-echo experiments tend to be very sensitive to contamination by light, diffusing impurities often found in polymer preparations. Care must be taken to remove these 32) to avoid inviting misinterpretation of experimental data. 

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Mass range Resolution Sensitivity Scan time... 

Mass Analyzer Mass Range Resolution Sensitivity Advantage Disadvantage... 

Any sampling scheme, whether uniform or nonuniform, can be characterized by its effective bandwidth, dynamic range, resolution, sensitivity, and number of samples. Some of these metrics are closely related, and it is not possible to optimize all of them simultaneously. For example, minimizing the total number of samples (and thus the experiment time) invariably increases the magnitude of sampling artifacts. Furthermore, a sampling scheme that is optimal for one signal will not necessarily... 

Three important parameters for mass spectrometers are mass resolution, mass range, and sensitivity. The resolution, R, required to separate two ions of mass m and (m + Am) is given by equation 1. 

Technique Primary probe Elemental range Type of information Depth of information Lateral resolution Sensitivity (at. %) Ease of quantification Insulator analysis Destructive UHV environment... 

Spectral width, dynamic range, resolution and sensitivity are expected to be pushed toward further limits. An emerging advancement in NMR spectroscopy is the DOSY technique (Section 5.4.1.1) which offers a separation capability as a function of the rates of steady state diffusion of molecules in solution. 

Many chemically-synthesized GaN samples exhibit a peak from the dominant WZ form, and a much smaller peak from the ZB form. Because of the good resolution, sensitivity, and dynamic range of 71Ga MAS-NMR, polymorphs present at levels below the detection sensitivity of XRPD of 1% could be identified. Quantitation needs to take into account the differing nutation behavior (mentioned in Sect. 3.2.1 in terms of effective 90° pulse lengths) of the ZB and WZ 71Ga peaks. 

Special CCD cameras are used to acquire high-resolution images for scientific work. They are also called HCCD cameras. They belong to the two following classes cooled CCD cameras or intensified CCD cameras. Intensified cameras have been mostly used to follow spectroscopic fast events but they are now used in imaging to offer very high sensitivity. Cooled CCD cameras, however, offer better spatial resolution for luminescence work in the field of analysis and a broader combination of spectral ranges and sensitivity. 

Here we introduce the principles of bistatic and multistatic radar. Firstly, we examine what is meant by these terms and then go on to develop the fundamental relationships that govern performance in terms of sensitivity, coverage, range resolution, Doppler resolution and target location accuracy. This provides the essential information necessary to understand the advantages and disadvantages of bistatic and multistatic radar operation for candidate applications. More detail can be found in the excellent text of Willis [1]. 

Triple quadrupole mass spectrometers, QqQ, have almost become a standard analytical tool for LC-MS/MS applications, in particular when accurate quantitation is desired (Chap. 12). Ever since their introduction [124-126] they have continuously been improved in terms of mass range, resolution, and sensitivity (Fig. 4.38). [127-129]... 

The applications of inelastic tunneling presented in Sec. V point up both the strong and weak points of this spectroscopy. Inelastic electron tunneling is sensitive, has good resolution, does not require large capital investment, has a wide spectral range, is sensitive to all surface vibrations, and can be used on oxide and supported metal catalysts. However, a counter-electrode must be used, single crystal metal surfaces cannot be used, and spectra must be run at low temperatures. 

In another review, Magee and Honig [24] discuss three important aspects of depth profiling by SIMS depth resolution, dynamic range and sensitivity. First, the depth resolution is a measure of the profile quality. They point out that the depth resolution is limited by atomic mixing effects and the flatness of the sputtered crater within the analyzed area. Second, the dynamic range of depth profiles is limited by crater edge... 

From the viewpoint of polymer applications, the full exploitation of the combined resolution/sensitivity enhancement techniques to obtain "high-resolution" spectra of rare-spin nuclei in solids requires variable temperature spinning capability. In this paper, we describe briefly a spinner assembly suitable for routine operation over a wide range of temperature at the full complement of spinning angles and report - C spectral data at low temperature on several polymers, including fluoropolymers. In addition, variable temperature spin-lattice and rotating frame relaxation times are reported for isotactic poly(propylene). 

A variety of thermocouples are available (Table 10.8), suitable for different measuring applications, and they are usually selected for the temperature range and sensitivity needed, for chemical inertness, and for magnetic properties (usually undesirable). They have been given alphabetic identifiers that have been accepted industry-wide. The B-, R-, and S-type thermocouples have low sensitivities and low resolutions the S type thermocouple is partially sheathed with a tube of fused alumina. The thermocouple types... 

The progress of experimental methods and the refinements in instruments led to spectacular improvements in resolution, sensitivity, mass range and accuracy. Resolution (m/Sm) developed as follows ... 

Quadrupoie. Quadrupoie mass spectrometers, sometimes known as quadrupoie mass filters (QMF), are currently the most widely used mass spectrometers, having displaced magnetic sector mass spectrometers as the standard instrument. Although these instruments lag behind magnetic sector instruments in terms of sensitivity, upper mass range, resolution, and mass accuracy, they offer an attractive and practical mix of features that accounts for their popularity, including ease of use, flexibility, adequate performance for most applications, relatively low cost, non-critical site requirements, and highly developed software systems. 

Spectral width, dynamic range, resolution and sensitivity are expected to be pushed toward further and further limits. 

The fundamental transfer function of a sensor is determined by the properties of the transducer principles chosen when setting up a signal path. Static sensor performance is defined by the static transfer function that describes the relationship between the output signal Uout and the input signal 0 (Eqs. 3.8 and 3.9) and additional parameters such as the measurement range, attainable sensitivity, resolution, and desired accuracy [8]. 

The intensities of classic lifetime experiments are well within the TCSPC range. Furthermore, sensitivity, time resolution, and accuracy are often more important than short acquisition time. Therefore many classic lifetime systems still use the classic NIM-based TCSPC technique. The general principles of fluorescence lifetime experiments are described in [308, 389], and various fluorescence lifetime spectrometers are commercially available. 

The choice of the detectors is dictated by the required time resolution, speetral range and sensitivity, tolerable dark count rate, deteetor area, available count rates, ruggedness, and possible budgetary constraints. The paragraphs below attempt to... 

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