Transfer Fundamentals

When k components are mixed to obtain 1 mol of a real mixture, as discussed in Chapter 1.4.1, the free mixing enthalpy AgM is 

AgM is negative for the entire concentration range, as seen in Eq. (1-147). The minimum separation work required to separate 1 mol of the k component mixture is 

Work mus be supplied to the system thus values of are positive. 

The actual work supplied to separate the mixture is usually higher than the minimum separation work, as given by Eq. (1-148). Additional energy is required to create additional phases if necessary, to divide phases using mechanical means, to mix or to disperse. The energy losses of the separation units, and the pump work necessary to transport the liquid are not considered in 

The basic principles of mass transfer are discussed in detail in [1.95-1.97]. Thermal separation processes are actually mass transfer processes matter is transported between phases and across phase interfaces. Mass transfer is caused by differences in concentration within a phase and by disturbances of the phase equilibrium. The time taken to return to the phase equilibrium depends mainly on mass transfer, but also on heat transfer (heat is transported not only by convection and radiation at higher temperature, but also by mass). For the design of thermal separation processes, along with a knowledge of phase equilibria, it is also important to have a detailed understanding of how equilibrium is reached and the time required, taking into account restrictions in the mass transfer rate. 

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Hines and Maddox, Mass Transfer Fundamentals and Applications, Prentice Hall, 1985. 

These spectroscopic and theoretical developments have stimulated the recent advances on electron-transfer dynamics at ITIES. In addition to the correlation between structure and dynamics of charge transfer, fundamental problems in connection with the energetics of ET reactions remain to be fully addressed. We shall consider these problems primarily before discussing kinetic aspects in full detail. 

Maslak, P. Fragmentations by Photoinduced Electron Transfer. Fundamentals and Practical Aspects. 168, 1-46 (1993). 

Hines, A. L. and Maddox, R. N. Mass Transfer Fundamentals and Applications (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1985). 

W.M. Rohsenow, J.P. Hartnett, E.N. Gani , Handbook of Heat Transfer Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill, NewYork, 1995. 

Fragmentations by Photoinduced Electron Transfer. Fundamentals and Practical Aspects... 

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