Raman experimental setup

FIGURE 6.7 (a) Schematics of experimental setup used for in vivo resonance Raman imaging, RRI, of MP... 

Figure 3 Global Raman imaging Experimental setup and example image of a silicon wafer with letter E printed on it. Image taken at 520 cm 1 (Silicon Raman mode).

An experimental setup with a notch Alter enables us to detect Raman spectra of many minerals from 5-10 m, starting from a Raman shift of approximately... 

The experimental setup for time-resolved Raman spectroscopy was based on a 1 kHz Ti sapphire regenerative amplifier system. We used the third harmonic of the output as the pump pulse to generate solvated electrons. The fundamental pulse or the output of a H2 Raman shifter was used to probe Raman scattering. The Raman scattering was analyzed by... 

The experimental setup employed 785 nm excitation with a 90° collection geometry. Each spectrum was obtained with excitation power 300 mW and integration time equivalent to 2.5 min. Because filtered serum is nearly transparent at 785 nm, excitation of Raman scattering is effectively along the entire laser path, creating a line source in the cuvette. Thus, the authors surmise that better collection efficiency could be obtained with optics designed specifically for this type of source, as opposed to the standard spherical lens they employed. 

Spectroscopic Measurements. A Beckman Model 5230 spectrophotometer was used to record in situ UV-visible spectra of the PPy films, which were electrochemically deposited on the indium-tin oxide (ITO) coated glass (Delta Technologies). For Raman measurements a Spex Model 1403 double spectrometer, a DM IB Datamate, and a Houston Instrument DMP-40 digital plotter were employed. Details of the experimental setup for in situ Raman spectroscopy are described elsewhere (26). 

The experimental setup for matrix Raman spectroscopy is essentially the same as that for matrix IR spectroscopy. The major difference lies in optical geometry. Namely, backscattering geometry must be employed in Raman spectroscopy since the matrix gas and sample vapor are deposted on a cold metal (Cu, Al) surface. Figure 3-27 shows the optical arrangement... 

Figure 3-41 (a) Experimental setup for stimulated Raman spectroscopy, (b) a diagram showing the stimulated Raman spectrum of benzene, and (c) anti-Stokes rings of stimulated Raman spectrum of benzene. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 104.)... 

Figure 7-10 Experimental setup for laser Raman spectroelectrochemical studies. (Reprinted from Ref. 5 by permission of Kluwer Academic Publishers.)...

In actual experimental setup for the combination of STM with Raman spectroscopy, there are essentially two optical detection methods as shown in... 

Experimental setup for the measurement of stimulated Raman spectra. The distance. sris measured from the grating to the wall or viewing screen. The diffracted beams show the pattern of the beams involving the vi ring stretching vibration of benzene not shown are additional weak features that may be seen involving the VICH or CD stretching vibrations. 

Figure 9.9 (a) An experimental setup to obtain the characteristic Raman spectra from a fiber, (b) The frequency shift for a polyethylene fiber under tension at room temperature. The strain values are indicated. (Courtesy of Berger and Kausch, 1996.)... 

However, due to a different experimental setup, the assignation of these species could not be confirmed from the infrared spectroscopy measurements carried out on a gold catalyst in alkaline medium, " which was found to present an exclusive series of oxygen reduction pathway. " The presence of these species as intermediates in the ORR mechanism was observed by Raman spectroscopy coupled with electrochemistiy in acidic medium on a gold electrode with bismuth adatoms. " Later, this mechanistic study of ORR by Raman spectroscopy was extended to a gold electrode in alkaline medium "" with an evidence for O2 formation as a reaction intermediate. H02 was also identified, but as a product of the ORR in alkaline medium. 

The experimental setup for the broadband CARS is rather simple because only two pulses are needed for three-color CARS emission, as shown in Fig. 5.4a a broadband first pulse impulsively promotes molecules to vibrationally excited states through a two-photon Raman process, and a delayed narrowband second pulse induces anti-Stokes Raman emission from coherent superpositions to the ground state [29]. By changing the delay time for the second pulse, therefore, one can expect to probe dynamical behaviors of multiple RS-active modes. Such a two-dimensional observation in the time-frequency domains should be effective for detailed analysis of nanomaterials. 

Following these first investigations, important and more detailed work, using time-resolved Raman techniques (mainly resonance Raman), has been reported since the end of the 1980s. However, before discussing these more recent results, we will review the main features of time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy by describing the experimental setup and the operating conditions we used... 

A) An experimental setup for real-time in situ Raman spectroscopy monitoring of mechanochemical reactions. Time-resolved Raman spectra for CdCl2-cnge neat grinding... 

Figure 5 presents the experimental setup of in situ electrochemical Raman spectroscopy. The instrument for in situ Raman spectroscopic studies of electrochemical systems includes a laser as the excitation source, a Raman spectrometer, a personal computer for control of the Raman spectrometer, data acquisition and manipulation, as well as a plotter or printer for data output, a potentiostat /galvanostat and possibly a wave function generator for generation of various kinds of po-tential/current control over the electrode, and the spectroelectrochemical cell. Details of electrochemical instrumentation were given in Chapter 1.2 see this chapter for various definitions, including WE... 

Fig. 3.6 Rotational Raman spectrum of C2N2 excited with the 488 nm line of the argon laser in the experimental setup of Fig. 3.5 and recorded on a photographic plate with 10 min exposure time [315]...

In Fig. 8.19 the experimental setup for such time resolved double resonance experiments is schematically shown. The laser beam is split by the beam splitter BS into a pump pulse and a probe pulse which travel along different pathlengths before they enter the sample cell. The probe pulse is sent through a Raman shifter where its wavelength can be tuned to different transitions of the sample molecule. The time delay between pump- and probe pulse can be tuned by a movable retro-reflector. 

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