Radium radiation effect

Goldman, M., An overview of high LET radiation effects in cells, in The Health Effects of Plutonium and Radium (W. S. S. Jee, ed.), pp. 751-766, J. W. Press, Salt Lake City, Utah (1976). 

Potassium iodide is coloured sky-blue when heated in a sealed tube with the vapours of potassium or sodium. The salt is also coloured by cathode rays.41 The decomposition of soln. of the alkali iodides by exposure to radium radiations, and ultra-violet light increases with increasing cone. A. Kailan supposed the radiations decompose the undissociated iodide liberating iodine and hydrogen both in acid and in alkaline soln. Aq. soln. of the alkali iodides are neutral, but, as 0. Loew 42 has shown, the soln. gradually acquires a yellow colour and an alkaline reaction when kept for say 8 to 10 days if air be excluded, the soln. remained colourless for 4 months. A. Houzeau attributed the effect to the presence of traces... 

Wrenn ME, Taylor GN, Stevens W, et al. 1986. Summary of dosimetry, pathology, and dose response for bone sarcomas in beagles injected with radium-226. In Thompson RC, Mahaffey JA, eds. Life span radiation effects studies in animals What can they tell us Washington, DC U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information. CONF-830951. 

Although not strictly a case of catalysis, the effect of radium radiation on the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is most conveniently mentioned here the penetrating rays are the most effective.9... 

The toxic effects of the intake of uranium are based purely on its characteristics as a heavy element. There are no reports of radiation-induced effects in humans from the inhalation or ingestion of uranium. Inferential material on radiation effects has been gathered through animal experiments and comparison with human exposures to radium isotopes. Extensive reviews of the uranium literature concerning experimental studies in animals and humans are available [3,9,10]. 

The setting of limits for long-term exposures to very low levels of radiation is difficult because most of the experience of radiation effects in humans has been obtained from the study of individuals who have been exposed to large doses over a short period, such as the survivors of the atomic bomb attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, or to chronic exposures at levels much above the background level, such as watch dial painters who ingested considerable amounts of radium. Studies of long-term exposure of animals to... 

Around the beginning of this century, cancer and illness was associated with excessive use of X-rays. Watch dial painters got mouth cancer from radium in the paint. It soon was realized that radiation has health effects. The measures of energy deposition concepts introduced... 

Lind (1961) defines radiation chemistry as the science of the chemical effects brought about by the absorption of ionizing radiation in matter. It can be said that in 1895, along with X-rays, Roentgen also discovered the chemical action of ionizing radiation. He drew attention to the similarity of the chemical effects induced by visible light and X-rays on the silver salt of the photographic plate. This was quickly followed by the discovery of radioactivity of uranium by Becquerel in 1896. In 1898, the Curies discovered two more radioactive elements—polonium and radium. 

Indeed, the Theosophical infusion of matter with life, and the ability of life force and will to effect the changes in matter demanded by spiritual alchemy and occult chemistry, seemed to find some support from the newly discovered phenomenon of radiation. Besant s On the Watch-Tower column, for instance, noted with excitement an article on the origin of life by Butler Burke published in the Daily Chronicle in 1905. There, Burke noted that radium may be that state of matter that separates, or perhaps unites, the organic and the inorganic worlds, and that radioactivity endows matter with some of the properties of organic matter (quoted in [Besant] 1905a, 481). 

In 1898 Marie Sklodowska Curie (1867-1934), while experimenting with thorium and uranium, coined the word radioactivity to describe this newly discovered type of radiation. She went on to discover polonium and radium. Madam Curie and her husband Pierre Curie (1859—1906), who discovered the piezoelectric effect, which is used to measure the level of radiation, and Henri Becquerel jointly received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work on radioactivity. 

Case Radium-226 and Radium-228. The concept of risk projections from experimental dose-response curves has been highly developed in the case of estimating risks to the population from low doses of radiation. Such methods were later extended to estimate risks from other carcinogens in drinking water and other media. Radioactivity can contribute risks from teratogenic, genetic, and somatic (carcinogenic) effects. 

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