Radiolysis of liquids

Gamma Radiolysis of Liquid Dinitrogen Tetrox-ide , PATR 3072 (1963) 20) Anon,... 

Hayon23 studied the yields of ions and excited states in pulse radiolysis of liquid DMSO using anthracene as a solute to determine the yield of free ions and naphthalene as a solute to measure the yield of triplet excited states. Anthracene is known to react with solvated electrons to give the anthracene radical anion, A T... 

Kemp and coworkers employed the pulse radiolysis technique to study the radiolysis of liquid dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with several amines as solutes [triphenylamine, and N, A, A, N -tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD)]. The radiolysis led to the formation of transient, intense absorptions closely resembling those of the corresponding amine radical cations. Pulse radiolysis studies determine only the product Ge, where G is the radiolytic yield and e is the molar absorption. Michaelis and coworkers measured e for TMPD as 1.19 X 10 m s and from this a G value of 1.7 is obtained for TMPD in DMSO. The insensitivity of the yield to the addition of electron scavenger (N2O) and excited triplet state scavenger (naphthalene) proved that this absorption spectrum belonged to the cation. 

LaVerne, J. A. (1988), Bibliography of Studies of the Heavy Particle Radiolysis of Liquids and Aqueous Solutions, Special Report SR-124 of the Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, Notre Dame, Indiana. 

TABLE 4.5 Excited State Yields in the Radiolysis of Liquids... 

TABLE 2. Yields of final products from radiolysis of liquid aliphatic dienes (G, molecule/100 eV)... 

Liquid carbon dioxide is decomposed efficiently by ionizing radiation79. The decreased radiation stability of the liquid phase compared to the gas phase has been attributed to the much smaller contribution of ion-molecule reactions to radiolysis in the condensed phase, where an efficient geminate charge neutralization process is likely to minimize the occurrence of such processes. Ion-molecule reactions are probably responsible for the rapid reoxidation observed in the gas phase. The yields of CO, 02 and 03 from the y-radiolysis of liquid C02 can be... 

Laverne JA (2005) H2 formation from the radiolysis of liquid water with zirconia, J Phys Chem B 109 5395-5397... 

Radiolysis of liquid carbon dioxide with phenanthrene gives its 9,10-oxide (1), although in poor yield, along with other products.64... 

The role of the track structure is most clearly illustrated by the example of radiolysis of liquids by heavy ions. In this case it is possible to vary broadly the geometric dimension of tracks and the concentrations of active particles in them. The dependence of track effects on the track structure has been studied in Refs. 365 and 366 The qualitative relation between the structure of a track and the features of radiation-chemical processes has been analysed.15,18... 

The second feature of the track structure of multicharged ions—the high concentration of fission fragments in the track s core—manifests itself in the preferential production of low-molecular products in the core of the track. The yields of products with more complicated structure, on the contrary, become smaller, which explains the high yields of H2, CO, and CH4 observed in radiolysis of liquid hydrocarbons induced by multicharged ions.362,364,365... 

Jaquet L, Kelly JM, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A (1995) Photoadduct between tris(1,4,5,8-tetraazaphena nthrene)ruthenium(ll) and guanosine monophosphate - a model for a new covalent binding of metal complexes to DNA. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 913-914 Jay-Gerin J-P, Ferradini C (2000) A new estimate of the OFI radical yield at early times in the radiolysis of liquid water. Chem Phys Lett 317 388-391... 

Sherman WV (1967b) Light-induced and radiation-induced reactions in methanol. I. y-Radiolysis of solutions containing nitrous oxide. J Phys Chem 71 4245-4255 Sherman WV (1967c) The y-radiolysis of liquid 2-propanol. III. Chain reactions in alkaline solutions containing nitrous oxide. J Phys Chem 71 1695-1702 Silva C, Walhout PK, Yokoyama K, Barbara PF (1998) Femtosecond solvation dynamics of the hydrated electron. Phys Rev Lett 80 1086-1089... 

Early theories of the radiolysis of liquid water usefully illustrate two extreme possibilities. Samuel and Magee11 estimated that a 10 eV electron would travel approximately 20 A in 10 13 sec before being thermalised, after which, as it would still be effectively within the electrostatic field of the positive ion, charge neutralisation would take place to give an excited molecule. 

That free radicals are produced in the radiolysis of liquid systems was first shown conclusively by the esr experiments of Fessenden and Schuler71. The esr spectra were observed during the continuous irradiation of the liquid samples by an electron beam from a Van de Graaff accelerator. The spectrum obtained... 

Zaitsev, V.D., Khaihin, G.I. 1989. Formation of solvated electrons during radiolysis of liquid tri-n-butyl phosphate. High Energy Chem. 23(2) 79-82. (Translated from Khimiya Vysokikh Energii 23(2) 99-102.)... 

Kovalev and coworkers77 studied the effect of methanol on the radiolysis of liquid CC14. In pure CC14, y-radiolysis leads to the formation of Cl2 and C2C16 with a radiolytic yield of G = 0.70 0.03. When methanol is added, the yield of the first product falls to zero already at 2 x 10"3 M methanol, while G(C2C16) increases to 4.8 0.5. New products found are... 

This narrative echoes the themes addressed in our recent review on the properties of uncommon solvent anions. We do not pretend to be comprehensive or inclusive, as the literature on electron solvation is vast and rapidly expanding. This increase is cnrrently driven by ultrafast laser spectroscopy studies of electron injection and relaxation dynamics (see Chap. 2), and by gas phase studies of anion clusters by photoelectron and IR spectroscopy. Despite the great importance of the solvated/ hydrated electron for radiation chemistry (as this species is a common reducing agent in radiolysis of liquids and solids), pulse radiolysis studies of solvated electrons are becoming less frequent perhaps due to the insufficient time resolution of the method (picoseconds) as compared to state-of-the-art laser studies (time resolution to 5 fs ). The welcome exceptions are the recent spectroscopic and kinetic studies of hydrated electrons in supercriticaF and supercooled water. As the theoretical models for high-temperature hydrated electrons and the reaction mechanisms for these species are still rmder debate, we will exclude such extreme conditions from this review. 

Saleh N, Flippo K, Nemoto K, Umstadter D, Crowell BA, Jonah CD, Trifimac AD. (2000) Pulse radiolysis of liquid water using picosecond electron pulses produced by a table-top terawatt laser system. Rev Sci Instrum 71 2305-2308. 

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