Radiation, biological consequences

Threshold hypothesis A radiation-dose-consequence hypothesis that holds that biological radiation effects will occur only above some minimum dose. 

Nonpolar Systems. Most of the early theoretical studies on radiation action were carried out on water and aqueous solutions. This was a consequence not only of Its Importance In radiation biology but also of the greater amount of experimental data and the simplicity of Its radiation chemical reactions as compared with organic systems. Recently, however, more studies on non-polar systems such as alkanes have appeared (24). It Is a long step to solid polymers but methods are being continually refined. 

Tikhomirov F.A., Shcheglov A.I., 1997. Consequences of radioactive contamination of forests in affected zone of accident on ChNPP, Radiation biology. Radioecology, 37(4) 664-672. 

Radiation-induced genomic instability and bystander effects are now well-established consequences of exposure of living cells to ionizing radiation. Cells not directly traversed by radiation may still exhibit radiation effects. This phenomenon, known as bystander effect, has become a major activity in radiation biology and in some cases has challenged the conventional wisdom. An example is the currently accepted models used for low-dose extrapolation of radiation risks. The currently used models assume that cells in an irradiated population respond individually rather than collectively. If bystander effects have implications for health risks estimates from exposure to ionizing radiation, then the question of whether this is a general phenomenon or solely a characteristic of a particular type of cell and the radiation under test becomes an important issue. 

Radiation intensity is expressed in different ways, depending on what is being measured. Some units measure the number of nuclear decay events others measure the amount of exposure to radiation or the biological consequences of radiation (Table 22.3). 

Becker D, Sevilla MD (1993) The chemical consequences of radiation damage to DNA. In Lett J (ed.) Advances in Radiation Biology, Vol. 17, Academic Press, New York, p 121. 

LaVerne JA. (2004) Radiation chemical effects of heavy ions. In Mozumder A, Hatano Y. (eds.), Charged Particle and Photon Interactions with Matter. Chemical, Physicochemical, and Biological Consequences with Applications, pp. 403-429. Marcel Dekker, New York. 

Caldwell MM, Camo LB, Warner CW, Flint SD. Action spectra and their key role in assessing biological consequences of solar UV-B radiation. In Worrest RC, Caldwell MM, eds. Stratospheric Ozone Reduction. Solar Ultraviolet Radiation and Plant Life, 1986 87-111 Springer-verlag, NY. 

Allen A.O.,"The radiation chemistry of water and aqueous solutions", Van Nostrand, NewYork, 1961. LaVerne J.A., Radiation chemical affects of heavy ions, in "Charged particle and photon interactions with matter. Chemical, physicochemical, and biological consequences with applications", Mozumder A., Hatano Y. (eds), Marcel Dekker, NewYork, 2004,403-429. 

Bernhard W.A., Close D.M., DNA damage dictates the biological consequence of ionizing radiation the chemical pathways, in "Charged Particle and Photon Interactions with Matter", Hatano Y., Mozumder A. (eds), Marcel Dekker, New York, 2004, p. 431-470. 

S., and Zhang-Akiyama, Q.M. (2009) Generation, biological consequences and repair mechanisms of cytosine deamination in DNA. J. Radiat. Res., 50, 19-26. 

Several reviews were already published about radiolysis of amino acids (7, 10), proteins in the solid state (11) or in aqueous solutions (2, 3, 7, 12). In this review, our aim is not only to present most recent data but also to give an overview of the unknown aspects in protein radiation chemistry as well as in some of the expected biological consequences of protein radiolytic modifications. 

Shishkina, L. N. Kushnireva, E. V. Smotryaeva, M. A. A New Approach to Assessment of Biological Consequences of Exposure to Low-Dose Radiation, Radiat Biol. Radioecol. 2004,44(3), 289-295 in Russian). 

The scientific findings contradict some anecdotal material included in books and poems written in the post-bomb period in Japan. Many who suffered the devastation of the bombs remain convinced that residual radiation, both in the area of the hypocenter and in more distant areas affected only by faUout, had serious biological consequences for the survivors. 

Emmi SS, Takacs E (2008) Water remediation by electron-beam treatment. In Spotheim-Maurizot M, Mostafavi M, Douki T, Belloni J (eds) Radiation chemistry from basics to applications in material and life scienas. EDP Sciences, Paris, pp 87—95 Farkas J (2004) Food irradiation. In Mozumder A, Hatano Y (eds) Charged particle and photon interactions with matter chemical, physicochemical and biological consequences with applications. N cel Dekker, New York, pp 785-812 Farkas J (1988) Irradiation of dry food ingredients. CRC, Boca Raton... 

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