Racks and Marine Terminals

Loading racks and marine terminals associated with chemical, petrochemical and hydrocarbon processing facilities vary widely in the type of materials and 

Fire prevention efforts for handling flammables and combustibles rely heavily on the mechanical integrity of the transfer system, the containment of small spills that do occur, and the control of ignition sources. While operator presence in the immediate area of the rack or wharf is recommended for any loading or unloading operation, full-time surveillance at the unloading spot is recommended. 

Filters, strainers, pumps, and other devices can produce static charges through normal flow turbulence with a number of nonconductive flammable liquids. Loading system pipe run lengths from such potential static-generating elements should be so located to allow a minimum of 30 seconds relaxation time prior to discharging into the vessel s tank compartment (NFPA 30 and NFPA 77). 

Bonding and grounding should be provided to minimize the accumulation of static electrical charges in the liquid. The integrity of the grounding conductors and connectors should be inspected annually. The integrity of the bonding system should be inspected before each use. 

An automated, emergency shutdown system is strongly recommended to isolate and stop the loading or unloading operation in the event of overfilling, fail- 

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