Quinones, detection identification

Applications Sollinger and Sawatzki [793] have reported the use of TLC-Raman for routine applications, e.g. TLC of hydroxybenzenes (including hydro-quinone and pyrogallol) on conventional, silica gel and specific Raman-TLC plates (coated with spherical silica gel). Databases were used for identification of substances. Typical detection limits were in the low p,g region per application, Micro-Raman spectrometry has been employed in analysing TLC fractions from polymer additives within a detection limit... 

Wardman P, Dennis MF, Everett SA, Patel KB, Stratford MRL, Tracy M (2003) Radicals from one-electron reduction of nitro compounds, aromatic N-oxides and quinones the kinetic basis for hypoxia-selective, bioreductive drugs. Biochem Soc Symp 61 171-194 Warman JM, de Haas MP, Hummel A, van Lith D, VerberneJB, Loman H (1980) A pulse radiolysis conductivity study of frozen aqueous solutions of DNA. Int J Radiat Biol 38 459-459 Warman JM, de Haas MP, Rupprecht A (1996) DNA a molecular wire Chem Phys Lett 249 319-322 Warters RL, Lyons BW (1992) Variation in radiation-induced formation of DNA double-strand breaks as a function of chromatin structure. Radiat Res 130 309-318 Warters RL, Hofer KG, Harris CR, Smith JM (1977) Radionuclide toxicity in cultured mammalian cells Elucidation of the primary site of radiation damage. Curr Top Radiat Res Q 12 389-407 Weiland B, Huttermann J (1998) Free radicals from X-irradiated, dry and hydrated lyophilized DNA as studies by electron spin resonance spectroscopy analysis of spectral components between 77 K and room temperature. Int J Radiat Biol 74 341-358 Weinfeld M, Soderlind K-JM (1991) 32P-Postlabeling detection of radiation-induced DNA-damage identification and estimation of thymine glycols and phosphoglycolate termini. Biochemistry 30 1091-1097... 

Aside from intercalators, a number of other tethered electroactive moieties can provide added functionality to nucleic acids. These moieties are often based on ferrocene chemistry [180-182] but others derived from quinones [176,183,184] have also emerged. Additionally, derivatives with altered linker and ancillary groups are used to make the functionalized nucleic acids electro chemically distinguishable [185-188], and thus compatible with identification methodologies that rely upon detection of sequence variants. Whilst some efforts have been directed at solid phase synthetic routes for probe production, others have focussed on construction of electroactive nucleotides ( electrotides ) compatible with enzymatic methods of incorporation into nucleic acids (Fig. 4). 

Incubation of morphine and [14C-methyl]-5-adenosylmethionine with rabbit liver homogenates resulted in the detection of 2-methoxymorphine as a minor metabolite/446 Oxidation at C-2 may also have occurred in rat brain homogenates with the tentative identification of morphine-2,3-quinone as a minor morphine metabolite/447 Morphine-N-oxide (266) and its 3-glucuronide have been isolated 448 from guinea pig urine after morphine adminstration, and a- and /3-dihydromorphine (264 and 265) were also established as metabolites by gc/ms of extracts of the urine of several species. 

Favreau LV, Pickett CB. 1995. The rat quinone reductase antioxidant response element. Identification of the nucleotide sequence required for basal and inducible activity and detection of antioxidant response element-binding proteins in hepatoma and non-hepatoma cell lines. J. Biol. Chem. 270 24468-74... 

Mueller and Intorp reported on the longer-lived particulate-phase free radicals (quinone, hydroquinone, and semiquinone species) they detected in MSS by ESR directly after extraction of Cambridge filter pads in 2003 (27A76). They also reported on their study of short-lived vapor-phase free radicals (alkoxy and alkyl species) in MSS. These radicals were spin trapped with a-phenyl-A-tert-butylnitrone (PEN) and detected by ESR. No specific identification of the free radicals was reported. 

Reactions for detection and identification of aromatic hydrocarbons can be divided into substitution reactions (nitration, chlorosulfonation, acetylation), addition reactions (7r-complexes), and oxidative reactions (oxidation of aliphatic chains, oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons to quinones). The... 

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