Quench stain

Searching the operation conditions to avoid the fault of quenching stain in tin-plate production... 

In order to find the concrete condition to avoid the formation of quench stain, SVR has been used to process the data of production process. In production practice, the tinplate products with quenching stains are classified to five classes according to the seriousness by inspection of the appearance. This is only a semi-quantitative index to describe the degree of fault of products. But it is understandable that such kind of data set may be treated by SVR with e-insensitive loss function with good results. Figure 14.6 illustrates the results of computation. It can be seen the regularity is rather clear. 

Fig. 14.5 Photograph of quenching stain (X 3500) by scanning electron microscope.

Fig. 14.6 Result of support vector regression of the industrial data of quenching stain formation. Kernel used Gausian type with s = 0.15.

By SVR with linear kernel, it is possible to find the chief factors affecting the quenching stain formation from multiple correlation coefficients. It has been found (under the concrete condition of this production process) that to depress the temperature of water in quenching bath or to increase the speed of movement of steel plate in production can avoid the formation of quenching stain. Under these conditions, the formation of quenching stain indeed can be completely avoided in production practice. 

In choosing a fluorescent tag, the most important factors to consider are good adsorption (high extinction coefficient), stable excitation without photobleaching, and efficient, high quantum yield of fluorescence. Some fluorophores, such as fluorescein, exhibit rapid fluorescent quenching which lowers the quantum yield over time. Up to 50 percent of the fluorescent intensity observed on a fluorescein-stained slide can be lost within 1 month in storage. AMCA and... 

Gouanve et al. [9] presented another approach to designing copper nanosensors. They prepared cross-linked polystryrene beads (0 14 nm) and functionalized the surface with 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (Cyclam), which selectively bound copper ions. The core of the beads was stained with a lipophilic fluorescent dye 9,10-diphenylanthracene by swelling. Fluorescence of the dye was quenched in the presence of Cu2+ due to FRET. The particles were suitable for sensing Cu2+ in micromolar concentrations. 

The basic approach with the axoneme-based analysis is to combine tubulin and axonema fractions and then to quench the reaction with glutaraldehyde. Samples of sufficient axoneme concentration are then added directly onto Formvar-coated sample grids for staining and electron microscopy. In some cases where the axoneme count is too low, samples may be sedimented onto grids by the method of Gould and Borisy (1977). With the methodology perfected by Borisy and Bergen (1982) samples can be taken as frequently as every 20 seconds, and the... 

Enzyme detection Lysosomes can also be stained via enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of heavily labeled and almost totally quenched substrates (124). 

The subdiploid DNA peak assay can be used in conjunction with staining for surface/cytoplasmic antigens with an FITC-Iabeled antibody, but when doing this, it is advisable to decrease the propidium iodide concentration from 20 to 5 pg/mL to minimize quenching of F1TC by propidium iodide. 

Transmission electron micrography has, remarkably, been successfully used to image micelles formed by block copolymers in dilute solutions. Price and coworkers used two preparation methods. In the first method (Price and Woods 1973), f reeze etching, a drop of solution was rapidly frozen by quenching in liquid nitrogen. Solvent was then allowed to evaporate from a freshly microtomed surface of the droplet. Finally, a replica was made of collapsed micelles raised proud from the frozen surface. In the second method (Booth et al. 1978), a drop of micellar solution was allowed to spread and evaporate on a carbon substrate, and 0s04 was used to selectively stain one of the blocks. 

Fig. 2.7 (a) TEM micrograph from an /ps = 0.40, Nn = 209 PS-P2VP diblock, annealed at 140 °C for 6h then quenched in liquid nitrogen. Iodine was used to selectively stain the PVP. (b) SANS pattern from the same phase after preshearing at 140 °C (Schulz et al. 1996). (c) Possible orientations of the lam phase with respect to the shear coordinates. 

Fig. Z24 (a) TEM image from a PS-PVP diblock with /PS = 0.65 and N = 196 after disordering, quenching and annealing at 140 °C for 18 h (Schulz et al. 1996). The dark-stained region corresponds to PVP. (b) Two-dimensional SANS pattern from a presheared sample of the same diblock in the same phase.

The textures in homeotropic lamellar phases of lecithin are studied in lecithin-water phases by polarizing microscopy and in dried phases by electron microscopy. In the former, we observe the La phase (the chains are liquid, the polar heads disordered)—the texture displays classical FriedeVs oily streaks, which we interpret as clusters of parallel dislocations whose core is split in two disclinations of opposite sign, with a transversal instability of the confocal domain type. In the latter case, the nature of the lamellar phase is less understood. However, the elementary defects (negative staining) are quenched from the La phase they are dislocations or Grandjean terraces, where the same transversal instability can occur. We also observed dislocations with an extended core these defects seem typical of the phase in the electron microscope. 

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