Quatemized poly phthalazinon ether

Y. Su, X. Jian, S. Zhang, and G. Wang. Preparation and characterization of quatemized poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) NF membranes. J. Membr. ScL, 241(2) 225-233, October 2004. 

M. Li, H. Zhang, and Z.-G. Shao. Quatemized poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) membrane doped with H3PO4 for high-temperature PEMFC operation. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 9 A60-A63, 2006. 

Fang J, Shen PK (2006) Quatemized poly(phthalazinon ether sulfone ketone) membrane for anion exchange membrane fuel cells. J Membr Sci 285 317-322... 

Jian XG, Xing DB, Zhang SH, Yin CX, Zhang BG. Effect of amination agent on the properties of quatemized poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone) anion exchange membrane for vanadium redox flow battery application. J Membr Sci 2010 354 68-73. 

FIG. 5.21 Structure of quatemized poly(phthalazinon ether sulfone ketone) [169]. 

Zhang, S. Yin, C. Xing, D. Yang, D. Jian, X., Preparation of chloromethylated/ quatemized poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) anion exchange membrane materials for vanadium redox flow battery applications. Journal of Membrane Science 2010, 363 (1-2), 243-249. 

X.G. Jian, C. Yan, H.M. Zhang, S.H. Zhang, C. Liu and P. Zhao, Synthesis and characterization of quatemized poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) for anion-exchange membrane. Chin. Chem. Lett. 18,2007,1269-1272. 

In comparison with the membranes with common aromatic skeletons such as poly-sulfane (PS), poly(ether ether ketone), poly(phthalazinon ether sulfone ketone), poly(etherimide), poly(benzimidazole), poly(phenylene oxide), polysiloxane, poly(oxyethylene) methacrylate, poly(arylene ether sulfone), and polyethersulfone Cardo, which are generally at high price and of complicated synthesis processes, the most important advantages of the aliphatic polymer materials as PEM membranes are their low cost, easy preparation, and simple structure. These aliphatic PEMs are particularly environmentally friendly (e.g., if the quatemization process is proceeded when these aromatic membranes are used for alkaline PEM fuel cells, the synthesis route uses chloromethyl ether for chloromethylation, which is very toxic and carcinogenic). However, the stability of the aliphatic PEMs is not very good. This is probably the biggest challenge when they are used in electrochemical devices. 

Many kinds of AEMs based on quatemized polymers containing a quaternary ammonium group have been developed and tested in ADAFC, such as polyethersulfone cardo (QPES-C) [205], polyetherketone cardo (QPEK-C) [206], poly (phthalazinone ethersulfone ketone) (QPPESK) [207], poly(arylene ethersulfone) (QPAES) [208-210], QPAES cross-linked with tetraphenylolethane glycidyl ether (QPAES/4EP) [210], poly (arylether oxadiazole) (QPAEO) [211], poly styrene-block-poly (e thy lene-ran-butylene)-block-poly styrene (QSEBS) [212], poly(vinyl alcohol) (QPVA) [213], poly(vinyl chloride) (QPVC) [214], and poly (vinylbenzyl chloride) (QPVBC) [215]. The chemical structures of some of these polymers are shown in Fig. 6.13. 

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