Quartz crystal microbalance-dissipation

Hook F, Vords J, Rodahl M, Kurrat R, Bdni P, Ramsden JJ, Textor M, Spencer ND, Tengvall P, Gold J, Kasemo B (2002) A comparative study of protein adsorption on titanium oxide surfaces using in situ ellipsometry, optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy, and quartz crystal microbalance/dissipation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 24 155-170... 

Slip is not always a purely dissipative process, and some energy can be stored at the solid-liquid interface. In the case that storage and dissipation at the interface are independent processes, a two-parameter slip model can be used. This can occur for a surface oscillating in the shear direction. Such a situation involves bulk-mode acoustic wave devices operating in liquid, which is where our interest in hydrodynamic couphng effects stems from. This type of sensor, an example of which is the transverse-shear mode acoustic wave device, the oft-quoted quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), measures changes in acoustic properties, such as resonant frequency and dissipation, in response to perturbations at the surface-liquid interface of the device. 

Boujday S, Methivier C, Beccard B, Pradier C-M (2009) Innovative surface characterization techniques applied to immunosensor elaboration and test comparing the efficiency of Fourier transform-surface plasmon resonance, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation measurements, and polarization modulation-reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy. Anal Biochem 387 194-201... 

Hook, F., Kasemo, B., Nylander, T., Fant, C., Sott, K., and Elwing, H. (2001). Variations in coupled water, viscoelastic properties, and film thickness of a Mefp-1 protein film during adsorption and cross-linking A quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, ellipsometry, and surface plasmon resonance study.y4na/. Chem., 13, 5796-5804. 

Hook, F., Rodahl, M., Brzezinski, P., and Kasemo, B. (1998). Energy dissipation kinetics for protein and antibody-antigen adsorption under shear oscillation on a quartz crystal microbalance. Langmuir 14, 729-734. 

The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is an excellent tool for these investigations since the frequency change produced by the adsorption on the surface of a piezoelectric crystal can be used to assess the mass (to a few ng/cm ) of the adsorbent using the Sauerbrey equation. Since the adsorbed protein layers can have some degree of structural flexibility or viscoelasticity that is undetectable by the determination of the resonance frequency alone, the energy loss, or dissipation factor (D), due to the shear of the adsorbent on the crystal in aqueous solution must also be determined.The technique is termed QCM-D and as well as representing an improvement in the study of biomolecular-surface interactions, it presents an opportunity to observe the adsorption of AFP and PVP, on a model nucleator with a hydrophilic surface. 

The three major new atomic-scale experimental methods developed in the last decade are the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) [2 4], atomic and friction force microscopes (AFM/FFM) [5,6], and the surface force apparatus (SEA) [7,7a,8]. These new tools reveal complementary information about tribology at the nanometer scale. The QCM measures dissipation as an adsorbed him of submonolayer to several monolayer thickness slides over a substrate. AFM and FFM explore the interactions between a surface and a tip whose radius of curvature is 10 100 nm [9]. The number of atoms in the contact ranges from a few to a few thousand. Larger radii of curvature and contacts have been examined by gluing spheres to an AFM cantilever [10,11]. SEA experiments measure shear forces in even larger-diameter ( 10 pm) contacts, but with angstrom-scale control of the thickness of lubricating hlms. 

The most extensive studies of incommensurate systems have used a quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM) to measure the friction between adsorbed layers and crystalline substrates. The QCM is usually used to determine the mass of an adsorbed layer from the decrease in resonance frequency of the quartz crystal. Krim and collaborators [2,4,130] have shown that the increase in the width of the resonance can be used to determine the amount of dissipation due to sliding. The crystal is cut so that the applied voltage drives a shear mode, and the dissipation is studied as a function of drive amplitude. 

The practical application of this measurement principle is the QCM-D technique (quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring), patented by Q-Sense [55]. The QCM-D technique extracts frequency, /, and dissipation, D = Rs/ coLs), or the respective changes A/ and AD (see Chap. 12 in this volume). 

Richter RP (2004) The formation of solid-supported lipid membranes and two-dimensional assembly of proteins. A study combining atomic force microscopy and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Bordeaux University, Talence... 

Q-Sense Quartz crystal microbalance wifii dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) technology... 

Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring... 

The present study aims to understand the influence of solvent quality on the molecular-level friction mechanism of tethered, brushlike polymers. It involves complementary adsorption studies of PLL-,g-PEG by means of optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS) and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) as well as friction studies performed on the nanoscale using colloidal-probe lateral force microscopy (LFM). The adsorbed mass measured by QGM-D includes a contribution from solvent molecules absorbed within the surface-bound polymer fllm. This is in contrast to optical techniques, such as OWLS, which are sensitive only to the dry mass of a polymer adsorbed onto the surface of the waveguide.By subtracting the dry mass , derived from OWLS measurements, from the wet mass , derived from QCM-D measurements, it is therefore possible to determine the mass of the solvent per unit substrate area absorbed in the brushlike structure of PLL- -PEG, expressed as areal solvation, P. Areal solvation was varied by choosing solvents (aqueous buffer solution, methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol) of different quality with respect to the PEG brush. The solvents were characterized in terms of the three-component Hansen solubility parameters, and these values were compared with measured areal solvation of the PEG brush. 

Jin J, Jiang W, Yin J, Ji X, Stagnaro P. Plasma proteins adsorption mechanism on polyethylene-grafted poly(ethylene glycol) surface by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation. Langmuir 2013 29 6624-33. http //dx.doi.org/10.1021/la4017239. 

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