Quarternary system

The optimum parameters for furfural-benzene are chosen in the region of the overlapping 39% confidence ellipses. The ternary tie-line data were then refit with the optimum furfural-benzene parameters final values of binary parameters were thus obtained for benzene-cyclohexane and for benzene-2,2,4-trimethyl-pentane. Table 4 gives all optimum binary parameters for this quarternary system. 

Calculated and Experimental Liquid-Liquid Equilibria for a Quarternary System at 25 C 2,2,4-trimethylpentane(1)-furfural(2)-cyclohexane(3)-benzene(4)... 

The correlation has also been applied to a wide variety of ternary and quarternary systems by Vega and Funk (1 9). Again, the correlation is very good for the concentrated region and was effective in describing complex equilibria occuring in the quaternary system of NaCI-NaNOg-NapSO.-hLO. 

For a given binary system the lower order component according to empirical formula is chosen as the A-component and under each A-component the B-com-ponents are also arranged according to empirical formula. For ternary and quarternary systems the same arrangement is used, using the lowest order formula as A-component, the next lowest order as B-component, and so on. 

Various authors have derived, from phase equilibria in simplified quarternary systems, various classes of possible phase compositions that are formed after high--temperature treatment in accordance with the initial chemical composition of magnesite. A fundamental treatise on this problem was published by Rigby et al. (1947) a survey summarizing both older and more recent findings was published by White (1970). 

Particularly interesting are the intermetallie species such as Cs2lnSb3 or CsSnBiSb2 observed in the ternary systems Cs-Sb with In or Sn and the aforementioned quarternary system (ef. Table 3). They are first examples of gaseous complex Zintl compounds with alkali atoms as donor partners [193]. 

Investigation of Melts, Glasses, and Solid Solutions of Quasi-binary, -ternary, and -quarternary Systems... 

Table 18. Mass spectrometric investigations of melts, glasses, and solid solutions of quasi-binary, ternary, and quarternary systems... 

The spontaneous polymerization in aqueous solution experienced in this polymer system is not unique to quarternary systems. Salomone (15) extensively studied the spontaneous polymerization of 4-vinylpyridinium salts. Although there are several similarities in the two systems, it appears that the initiating species may be different and will be the subject of future studies. 

Phase Theory shows however that a system of the type water — salt AB — salt CD, that is to say, in which the two salts possess no common ion, is not a ternary but a quarternary system. Thus at constant temperature and pressure it possesses one more degree of freedom than a ternary system. This is therefore applicable to complex coacervation and it should not surprise us that in the "only ternary diagram of Fig. 27 a displacement of the C and E curves occurs on increase of the colloid concentrations. 

The Quarternary system (Q) is mainly presented by alluvial and deluvial loamy, argillo-arenaceous, and sand-and-gravel and chisley deposits which capacity fluctuates from 4-5 to 40 m. 

Fortunately, there is an appreciable body of good density data available on a broad spectrum of H20-salt binary systems. Furthermore, the availability of high quality density measurements in a number of ternary and quarternary systems means that the mixing rules can be adequately tested. The references given at the end of this chapter include a number of important sources for these data. 

From this analysis, it should be clear that the criterion offered by Gibbs in Eq. (9) is equivalent to the requirement that the product of Eq. (70) should vanish. That is, for a quarternary system, for example,... 

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