Quantitative radionuclides

Quantitative Radionuclide Tomography for High Density Materials. 

Sartori M, Andorno S, La Terra G, Pozzoli G, Rudoni M, Sacchetti GM, Inglese E, Aglietta M. Assessment of interferon cardiotoxicity with quantitative radionuclide angiocardiography. Eur J Clin Invest 1995 25(l) 68-70. 

SHAMAN is an expert system developed for qualitative and quantitative radionuclide identification in gamma spectrometry. 

Alexander J, Dainiak N, Berger HJ et al (1979) Serial assessment of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity with quantitative radionuclide angiocardiography. N Engl 1 Med 300 278-283 ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group (2000) Major cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients randomized to doxazosin vs chlorthalidone the antihypertensive and Upid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 283 1967-75... 

Most of the unplanned release locations throughout the 100-N Area have not been sampled to determine the extent of contamination. Although screening sampling or radiation surveys were usually performed and exposed surface contamination was excavated, quantitative radionuclide- and chemical-specific analyses were not performed. Based on the areas of known releases (e.g., 116-N-3 crib and trench) and areas of inferred releases, inferred areas of soil contamination have been identified. These areas are shown in Figure 5-25 and the sources are listed in Table 5-1. 

In world practice RCT application is considered to the decision of control of the high density objects. The particular feature of RCT is the possibility of the reception of the quantitative information. Besides, the absence of characteristic to X-ray CT result distortions, which are caused by variation of an average value of polychromatic radiation energy, when it passes through an article, promotes the increase of accuracy characteristics of radionuclide CT... 

Nuclear activation analysis (NAA) is a method for qualitatively and quantitatively detg elemental compn by means of nuclear transmutations. The method involves the irradiation or bombardment of samples with nuclear particles or high-energy electromagnetic radiation for the specific purpose of creating radioactive isotopes from the stable or naturally-occurring elements present. From the numbers, types and quantities of radioactive elements or radionuclides, it is possible to deduce information about the elemental compn of the original sample... 

In a different example, traceability in the amount-of-substance analysis of natural potassium, thorium, and uranium by the method of passive gamma-ray spectrometry was demonstrated by Nir-El (1997). For an absolute quantitative determination, accurate values of two parameters were required (i) the emission probability of a gamma-ray in the decay of the respective indicator radionuclides, and (2) the detection efficiency of that gamma-ray. This work employed a number of CRMs in the critical calibration of the detection efficiency of the gamma-ray spectrometer and the establishment of precise emission probabilities. The latter results compared well with literature values and provided smaller uncertainties for several gamma-rays that were critical for the traceabUity claim. The amount-of-substance analytical results of the long lived naturally occurring radionucHdes K, Th, and... 

One of the limitations of the portable field survey instruments in the measurement of americium is that their quantitative accuracy depends on how well the lateral and vertical distribution of americium in the soil compares with the calibration parameters used. These methods can provide a rapid assessment of americium levels on or below surfaces in a particular environment however, laboratory-based analyses of samples procured from these environmental surfaces must be performed in order to ensure accurate quantification of americium (and other radionuclides). This is due, in part, to the strong self absorption of the 59.5 keV gamma-ray by environmental media, such as soil. Consequently, the uncertainty in the depth distribution of americium and the density of the environmental media may contribute to a >30% error in the field survey measurements. Currently, refinements in calibration strategies are being developed to improve both the precision and accuracy (10%) of gamma-ray spectroscopy measurements of americium within contaminated soils (Fong and Alvarez 1997). 

Isotope dilution (ID) is a technique for the quantitative determination of element concentrations in a sample, on the basis of isotope ratios [382]. An important prerequisite for isotope dilution is the availability of two stable isotopes, although in some cases the use of long-lived radionuclides allows the application range to be further extended [420]. 

However, these results are not sufficient to estimate quantitative dependence on a level of the particular pollutants in the environment. The second working hypothesis on the relationship between pollutants loading and morbidity dynamics in the whole area of North Eurasia has been considered. This hypothesis was estimated using a complicated statistical treatment (Box 3). The considered pollutants were fertilizers, heavy metals, pesticides, radionuclides, oil products, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAH. 

Accuracy. Quantitative estimates of radionuclide solubility and speciation need reliable thermodynamic data, that is,... 

Studies of short-lived radionuclide generators (4-6) do not adequately treat the quantitative problems of the daughter nuclide elution or those specific to their optimal clinical use. Two essential physical characteristics of a generator are the yield of the daughter nuclide and its radiochemical and radionuclidic purity. To realize the full potential of a short-lived radionuclide generator for medical studies requires that these two characteristics are optimized and are compatible with parameters important to clinical use such as total perfused volume and duration of the scintigraphic examination. 

Experience already indicates that the system should also be useful for purposes of national defense. Debris from foreign weapons tests can be examined quickly for identification and quantitation of its radionuclide content. 

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