Pyrroles polymers

Further investigation of pyrrole polymer would be of considerable interest. Rather similar to the foregoing hypothetical reaction is the attempted quaternization of (21), which leads directly to (22), no quaternary salt surviving at all. ... 

The pyrrole polymer VIII was characterized by C,H elemental analysis, IR, and 1H NMR. 

Comparison of the Properties of N-Phenylpyrrolidine (VII) and N-Phenyl-Pyrrole Polymers (VIII)... 

Following the discovery of the unique electronic properties of polypyrrole, numerous polymers of pyrrole have been crafted. A copolymer of pyrrole and pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid is used in a glucose biosensor, and a copolymer of pyrrole and A-methylpyrrole operates as a redox switching device. Self-doping, low-band gap, and photorefractive pyrrole polymers have been synthesized, and some examples are illustrated [1,5]. 

Tour has utilized dibromopyrrole 108 to prepare zwitterionic diiodopyrrole 110, which in turn was employed in a synthesis of diphenyl derivative 111 and pyrrole polymers [10,11],... 

Although much less so than pyrrole polymers, indole polymers are beginning to be synthesized and studied as new materials. Electropolymerized films of indole-5-carboxylic acid are well-suited for the fabrication of micro pH sensors and they have been used to measure ascorbate and NADH levels. The three novel pyrroloindoles shown have been electrochemically polymerized, and the polymeric pyrrolocarbazole has similar physical properties to polyaniline. 

Electrooxidation of the pyrrole unit results in the formation of a pyrrole polymer that coats the electrode surface as it is formed. The amount of polymer deposited can be controlled by the number of CV cycles into the pyrrole oxidation wave. With 30, thick polymer layers give broad CV waves in the quinone voltage region, but thinner layers produce a well-resolved wave for the quinone 0/—1 reduction, which is reasonably stable when the electrodes are placed into fresh electrolyte solution with no 30. As in solution, addition of different urea derivatives causes this wave to shift positive. The relative magnitude of the shifts mirror that seen in solution. Furthermore, the 2 moves back to the original potential when the derivatized electrode is put back into a blank solution containing no urea. 

Electrochemical Data for N-Substituted Pyrrole Polymer Films3... 

Foulds, N.C. and Lowe, C.R. (1988) Immobilization of glucose oxidase in ferrocene-modified pyrrole polymers. Analytical Chemistry, 60, 2473-2478. 

Although much less than pyrrole polymers, indole polymers are beginning to be synthesized and studied as new materials. Electropolymerized films of indole-5-carboxylic... 

T Schalkhammer, E Mann-Buxbaum, F Pittner, G Urban. Electrochemical glucose sensors on permselevtive non-conducting substituted pyrrole polymers. Sensors Actuators B4 273-281, 1991. 

Foulds, N. C., Lowe, C. R., Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase in Ferrocene-Modified Pyrrole Polymers , Anal. Chem. 60 (1988) 2473-2478. 

The direct participation of the nitrogen heteroatoms of the aniline and pyrrole polymers in the protonation and... 

J. C. Scott, P. Pfluger, M. T. Krounbi, and G. B. Street, Electron-spin-resonance studies of pyrrole polymers - evidence for bipolarons, Phys. Rev. B, 28, 2140-2145 (1983). 

Zhang, X., Richter, L.J., Delongchamp, D.M., KUne, R.J., Hammond, M.R., Mcculloch, I., Heeney, M., Ashraf, R.S., Smith, J.N., Anthopoulos, X.D., Schroeder, B., Geerts,Y.H., Fischer, D.A., Toney, M.E, 2011. Molecular packing of high-mobility diketo pyrrolo-pyrrole polymer semiconductors with branched alkyl side chains. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133,15073-15084. 

Analogous to PTs, pyrrole polymers have been polymerized from the dimer with similar results. For example, poly(JV,JV -dimethyl-2,2 -bipyrrole), poly(NNDMBP) (24) exhibits a blue-shifted onset of absorbance of the neutral polymers [94-96]. This results in an increased visible region transparency of the film in the neutral state. The polymer is pale, transmissive yellow in the neutral state and switches to gray-blue when oxidized. In addition, the dimer oxidizes at a lower oxidation potential and the resulting polymer film has an increased conductivity over that produced from the monomer. 

M. Salmon, K. K. Kanazawa, A. F. Diaz, M. Krounbi, A Chemical route to pyrrole polymer films, Journal of Polymer Science Part C - Polymer Letters 1982, 20,187. 

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