Pyrimidines biological

Section 28 1 Many biologically important compounds are related to the heterocyclic aromatic compounds pyrimidine and purine... 

Nitrogen nucleophiles used to diplace the 3 -acetoxy group include substituted pyridines, quinolines, pyrimidines, triazoles, pyrazoles, azide, and even aniline and methylaniline if the pH is controlled at 7.5. Sulfur nucleophiles include aLkylthiols, thiosulfate, thio and dithio acids, carbamates and carbonates, thioureas, thioamides, and most importandy, from a biological viewpoint, heterocycHc thiols. The yields of the displacement reactions vary widely. Two general approaches for improving 3 -acetoxy displacement have been reported. One approach involves initial, or in situ conversion of the acetoxy moiety to a more facile leaving group. The other approach utilizes Lewis or Brmnsted acid activation (87). 

Such calculations have been made also for pyrimidines of biological interest (B-60MI21302). That for uracil (5) is interesting in that a figure of -0.22 is assigned to the 5-position, compared with almost zero in pyrimidine this immediately explains the ease of electrophilic attack at the 5-position of uracil as well as the lack of nucleophilic activity at the same position. 

Most drugs in the pyrimidine series fall into four categories the barbiturates, the sulfonamides, the antimicrobials and the antitumour agents. In addition there are innumerable pyrimidines with diverse biological activities, some of which are in use. 

During the last 160 years, many trivial names have been used for pyrimidine and its derivatives. Some, like uracil, persist but others have now fallen out of use, save for the occasional biochemical or biological paper. Table 1 embraces most such names WHO non-proprietary drug names, trade or proprietary names, and names of some natural products discussed in this chapter are not included because they are readily available elsewhere (B-76MI21303). 

Furo[2,3-amino-synthesis, 4, 986 Furo[3,4-d]pyrimidinedione synthesis, 4, 987 Furopyrimidines, 4, 986 Furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines synthesis, 4, 986 Furo[3,2-d]pyrimidines synthesis, 4, 987 Furo[3,2- 6]pyrone synthesis, 4, 994 Furo[3,2-c]pyrone synthesis, 4, 993 Furo[3,2-6]pyrrole, hexahydro-biological activity, 6, 1024 1 H-Furo[3,4-6]pyrrole-2,3-dione, 4,6a-diphenyl-6-(phenylimino)-6,6a-dihydro-synthesis, 6, 1004 Furopyrroles... 

Methanol, l-isoquinolyl(phenyl)-confonnation, 2, 110 Methanol, pyrimidinyl-synthesis, 3, 113 Methanol, tetrahydropyran-2-yl-microwave spectra, 3, 625 Methantheline as neurotransmitter, 1, 175 therapeutic properties, 3, 882 Methaphenilene biological activity, 4, 911 Methapyrilene biological activity, 4, 911 toxicity, 4, 912 Methaqualone, 3, 150 as anticonvulsant, 1, 166 pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine analogues metabolism, 3, 205 as sedative, 1, 166 Metharbitone as anticonvulsant, 1, 166 Methazolamide... 

Pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidine-2,4-dione synthesis, 3, 215 Pyridopyrimidines, 3, 201 iV-alkylations, 3, 206 biological activity, 3, 260-261 1-electron reductions, 3, 207 IR spectra, 3, 204 mass spectra, 3, 204 MO calculations, 3, 204 NMR, 3, 202, 203 nucleophilic substitution, 3, 213 8-nucleosides synthesis, 3, 206 physical properties, 3, 201-205 protonation, 3, 206 radical reactions, 3, 215 reactions with water, 3, 207 reduced... 

Aminopyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine moiety (47) is present in several nucleosides of both biological and synthetic origins. Among them, formycin (47, R = 3/3-D-ribofuranozyl) is of particular interest as a C-nucleoside analog of adenosine. 

Chemistry of benzologs of pyrido[l,2-<2]pyrimidines 99AHC(73)177. Synthesis, chemistry, and biological properties of thienopyrimidines ... 

Pyrimidine and imidazole rings are particularly important in biological chemistry. Pyrimidine, for instance, is the parent ring system in cytosine, thymine, and uracil, three of the five heterocyclic amine bases found in nucleic acids An aromatic imidazole ring is present in histidine, one of the twenty amino acids found in proteins. 

In addition to pyridine, the six-membered diamine pyrimidine is also found commonly in biological molecules, particularly as a constituent of nucleic acids. With a pKa of 1.3, pyrimidine is substantially less basic than pyridine because of the inductive effect of the second nitrogen. 

Heterocyclic amines are compounds that contain one or more nitrogen atoms as part of a ring. Saturated heterocyclic amines usually have the same chemistry as their open-chain analogs, but unsaturated heterocycles such as pyrrole, imidazole, pyridine, and pyrimidine are aromatic. All four are unusually stable, and all undergo aromatic substitution on reaction with electrophiles. Pyrrole is nonbasic because its nitrogen lone-pair electrons are part of the aromatic it system. Fused-ring heterocycles such as quinoline, isoquinoline, indole, and purine are also commonly found in biological molecules. 

The nucleic acids DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are biological polymers that act as chemical carriers of an organism s genetic information. Enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of nucleic acids yields nucleotides, the monomer units from which RNA and DNA are constructed. Further enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of the nucleotides yields nucleosides plus phosphate. Nucleosides, in turn, consist of a purine or pyrimidine base linked to Cl of an aldopentose sugar—ribose in RNA and 2-deoxyribose in DNA. The nucleotides are joined by phosphate links between the 5 phosphate of one nucleotide and the 3 hydroxyl on the sugar of another nucleotide. 

Endogenous substances such as serotonin, amino acids, purines, and pyrimidines all have biological activity and are tolerated in the human body. Therefore, these can be used in some cases as starting points for synthetic drugs. For example, the amino acid tryptophan and neurotransmitter... 

The synthesis of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines has attracted considerable interest in heterocyclic chemistry. This ring system constitutes a deaza-analogue of the pyrazino[2,3-d]pyrimidine heterocychc core of fohc acid, analogues which can exhibit a wide range of biological properties as folate antagonists. Thus, the synthesis of this motif by MCR imder microwave-assisted conditions has the potential to rapidly introduce diversity into a biologically relevant scaffold. 

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