Pyridine, 3-fluoro-, lithiation

Similarly, 4-lithiated 3-bromo and 3-chloro pyridines generated from substrates 40, are stable between -60 and -40°C, and lithium halide elimination to 2-fluoro-3,4-pyridyne occurs only upon warming to room temperature, as evidenced by the formation of adduct 41 (Scheme 13) [72CR(C)(275)1439, 72CR(C)(275)1535]. 

The metaiation of heterocycles is possible without the aid of a directing group. This type of reaction is most common in the ir-excessive heterocycles, and is most important for thiophenes. For nitrogen heterocycles, examples of unactivated lithiation of ir-excessive azoles have been reported, and are summarized below. ir-Deficient heterocycles such as pyridine are resistant to unactivated lithiation, although pyridine can be metalated with low regioselectivity using butylsodium. Pyridines also form weak complexes with fluoro ketones the complex of 4-r-butylpyridine and hexafluoroacetone can be lithiated and added to benzaldehyde in 60% yield. ... 

The iodo-fluoro-pyridine 119 is lithiated by LDA to give the only possible lithium derivative 120. But iodine is a poor ortho-director and the compound equilibrates by the halogen dance to put the Li atom next to one of the best orffto-directors fluorine.14 Presumably one molecule of 120 removes I from 119 to give 123 from which the 3-1 atom is removed by another molecule of 120 initiating a chain. 

Cyclization of iodopyiidinyl aUyl ethers derived fom dihalopyridines and sodium aUyUc oxides leads to formation of furo[2,3-fc]pyridines 292, furo[3,2-c]pyiidines 293, and furo[2,3-c]pyridines 294 by a Heck mode of reaction (Scheme 101). In the reaction sequences, the initial step in the preparation of iodopyridine aUyl ethers involves regioselective lithiation of 3-fluoro, 2-fluoro-, and 4-chloropyridines with LDA. Subsequently, the lithiated species are treated with iodine as electrophile. A variety of iodopyiidinyl ethers have been prepared from dihalopyridines and sodium aUyhc oxides and subjected to the Pd-catalyzed cyclization reactions with formation of the furoannulated pyridine products. When the allyl groups carry a 2-substituent as in stracture 295, hydridopaUadium elimination is prevented. Instead, sodium formate reductive elimination of the palladium substituent gives the product 296. The isomeric structures 297 and 298 are available similarly. ... 

The regioselective functionalization of pyridines using metallation or halogen/metal exchange reactions has been reviewed. There has been a detailed mechanistic study of the ort/io-lithiation of 2-fluoro- and 2,6-difluoro-pyridines by lithium diisopropy-lamide (LDA) in tetrahydrofuran at -78°C where aggregation and aggregate-exchange phenomena are critical.The mono-lithiation of the boron trifluoride adduct of 3-chloro- and 3-bromo-pyridines results in reaction at the 2-position. However, with two equivalents of LDA, the 2,6-dilithiated derivatives may be formed. Subsequent reaction with electrophiles may result in the formation of 2-, 6-, or 2,6-substituted products. " ... 

TIPS groups have been used in different ways to prevent undesired C-2 lithiation of indoles and benzothiophenes. The introduction of a TIPS group onto 4-bromo-l/f-pyrrolo[2,3b]pyridine permitted metalation to occur exclusively at C-4, affording the 4-fluoro product (eq 16). The TIPS group was removed with TEAR Without TIPS, transmetalation at C-2 was observed. 

Oxazolines (4) are easily prepared from benzoic acids and behave as activating groups in nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Thus, o-methoxy- or o-fluoro-substituents are replaced by the alkyl group of RLi. " The same oxazoline group in the 4-position of pyridine promotes 3-lithiation, whereas in the 3-position it induces nucleophilic alkylation to give 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives. Benzyl alcohol is lithiated in the 2-position of the benzene nucleus. Solvent effects are suggested to be responsible for the quantitative syn selectivity in the alkylation of lithiated ketimines (5). ... 

---