Pupillary size

Morphine and its salts are very valuable analgesic drugs but are highly addictive. In addition to suppression of pain, morphine causes constipation, decreases pupillary size and depresses respiration. Only the (-l-)-stereoisoraer is biologically active. They appear to produce their effects on the brain by activating neuronal mechanisms normally activated by... 

Radzius, A. et al., A portable pupilometer system for measuring pupillary size and light reflex, Behav. Res. Method Instrum. Comput., 21, 611, 1989. 

Neurological Rat once (Sprague- (GW) Dawley) 11 M (piloerection, tremors, hypothermia, pupillary size decrease, exophthalmos) Domingo et al. 1987 U02(C2H302)2 2H20... 

Dapiprazole was specifically developed for ocular use. After topical instillation it produces miosis and a reduction in lOP. Like thymoxamine, dapiprazole reverses mydriasis by blocking a receptors in the iris dilator muscle. Concentrations ranging from 0.12% to 1.5% significantly reduce pupil size in both normal and glaucomatous eyes. The miotic effect is concentration dependent and can last up to 6 hours after instillation. lOP can be reduced for up to 6 hours. In patients with decreased amplitude of accommodation associated with tro-picamide-induced cycloplegia, dapiprazole may partially increase the accommodative amplitude (Figure 8-5). This restoration of near vision seems to come from a combination of increasing depth of field due to pupillary recovery and an actual increase in accommodative amplitude independent of pupillary size. 

Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists are used as ocular tensionlowering drugs without notable effects on pupillary size or refraction. Their systemic effects are greater than one would expect, since there is no first-pass metabolism after ocular administration and the plasma concentration can therefore attain therapeutic concentrations (353). 

Change in pupillary size Sensitivity to pain Skin lesions Corneal opacities Placing reflexes Righting reflexes Grasping reflexes Death... 

Other effects of morphine include decrease in pupillary size, reduced hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach and constipation. 

The pupil is a variable opening in the iris that controls the arrxxint of light that reaches the lens and the retina. Pupillary size is controlled by die dliary muscles (see IIA 2 c). 

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