Pump conditions

It has been said tliat anytliing will lase if pumped witli enough energy, but tire efficiency of tire pumping process is important for practical, economical devices. In tliis regard two-level lasers are of little interest because, except under extraordinary pumping conditions, one can only equalize tire populations of tire upper and lower levels. A... 

Hirose, Y, Yui, H. and Sawada, T. (2005) Second harmonic generation-based coherent vibrational spectroscopy for a liquid interface under the nonresonant pump condition. J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 13063-13066. 

Figure 21. (a) Evolution of PL intensity at 1540 nm in both pumping conditions as a function of the annealing temperature for the Er... 

Figure 3. Transient effect of electrochemical oxygen pumping. Conditions RC 2, Pi X 10-2 bar, P0jt = 9.5 X 10 2 bar, and 400°C.

Hydrogeologic conditions such as flow rates and direction, water levels, number and location of injection and extraction wells under pumping conditions ... 

FIGURE 8 The retrieved instrument method showing the exact conditions used to acquire the raw data.The first screen shows the pumping conditions while the second screen shows the detector conditions. 

Sample solvent 90% dimethyl sulfoxide in water Initial pump conditions A (%) 90, B (%) 10, flow 6mlAninute Detection Gilston 119 UV detector, 225 nm Injection volume 600 jxl... 

The numerous lasing wavelengths that have been observed with fluoride glass fibers are shown in Table 4. Each of them is characterized by the highest output power reported to date, and by the pumping conditions, either direct or through up-conversion. 

We have studied the pump-induced variations of the even and odd-in magnetization SH components in the new experimental scheme of back pumping. The pump-induced magnetization of the Au surface was observed when studying thin Au/Fe films, with the magnetic contrast in SHG of the order of several percent detected. The nonzero magnetization caused by the spin-polarized electronic transport was observed, in contrast with the no-pump conditions, when no magnetic SHG was detected. 

The use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has provided conclusive evidence that spillover/backspillover phenomena are real and that electrochemically controlled backspillover of oxide ions, O, is the origin of electrochemical promotion. The first XPS investigation of Ag electrodes on YSZ under electrochemical 0 pumping conditions was published in 1983 [36] and provided strong evidence for the creation of backspillover oxide ions on Ag (01s at 529.2 eV) upon positive current application. These results were confirmed by Gopel and coworkers who used XPS, UPS and EELS to study AgA SZ catalyst surfaces under electrochemical bias conditions [35]. 

Because volumetric rather than mass metering instruments are typically employed on actual treatments, conversion from standard condition gas injection rates to pumping condition liquid rates must be performed. Figures 8 and 9 can be used to estimate the pumping requirements at liquid conditions. 

Next, let us consider the laser oscillation under pumping conditions. The interaction Hamiltonian, Hu and the wave function ip(r, t), for excitable molecules placed in a radiation field of angular frequency, co, and maximum amplitude, 0, are given by Eq. (1.165) ... 

Under weak pumping conditions where n, < N° for any level i, the population deviations of levels v- and together n- +n ) are nearly 1000 times larger than that of 2v- (n2r,) because 2, — 1000 cm and 200... 

The choice of a pump depends on the required pumping performance (volume flow, pressure) and the pumping conditions (temperature, system pressure, properties of the pumped material). Important types of pump are listed in Table 2.4-2. 

Pump condition - Check for worn and/or leaking seals and packing. 

In general, data presented here are for samples that are under vacuum or pumped conditions that substantially reduce or eliminate the effects of weakly bound moisture or solvents. 

The di ersive and aggihrmerative forces present in these q stons are functions of pH, tenq>erature, a ation, pumping conditions, etc. ah of which compficate the situation and produce the result that suspendon properties caimot be e q)huned in hydrodynairnc terms alone. De e these formidable problems, mod filtration and separation technology continues to produce separations in seemingiy intractable situations, and to eliminate the bottleneck characteristic of the SLS stage in many processes. 

The tuning curve data of Table I may be analyzed to give gains and saturation intensities for these dyes, under the hsted pumping conditions. This permits an experimental check on the uniform plane-wave theoretical analysis of Section n. 

It is the advantage of the cholesteric phase that its pitch and thereby the wavelength of the emitted laser light can be tuned by various external stimuli (usually the temperature). Lasers relying on a cholesteric feedback medium have usually a very narrow line width and their emission is circularly polarized. With this concept, rather small lasers can be constructed [97, 98]. They are usually pumped by pulsed solid-state lasers although, after first attempts [99], continuous pump conditions were recently successfully established [100]. Lasing has been mostly observed from low molar mass cholesteric mixtures because they show excellent alignment. The state of the art is reviewed in [98, 101, 102]. 

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