Saturation intensity

D2 natural lifetime 16 ns Saturation intensity per velocity group 64 W/m ... 

In this equation, K represents the equilibrium constant for binding of the analyte to the surface and P is the analyte partial pressure or concentration. When PL changes are at their saturated intensity, PLsat, then 0 = 1 the PL intensity of the reference ambient, PL,.er, corresponds to 0 = 0, and the PL intensity at intermediate surface coverages. Id., allows 0 to be defined as follows ... 

Saturation (intensity or chroma) The difference between a color and the gray with the same tone exemplifies saturation. A pure or saturated color can be diminished in saturation by adding white light and normalizing the result to the same perceptual tone. 

Figure 7.10 Dependence of saturation intensity / on gas temperature and electron density for a 1-1-8 laser mixture and reduced average electron energy of 1.5 eV [8].

The gain-saturation intensity product, ( optical power density available for extraction from the laser discharge medium. 

Figure 7.12 Dependence of saturation intensity and gain on total gas pressure [8].

Heteroatom-stabilized carbene complexes of type 1, first discovered by E.O. Fischer in 1964 [1], nowadays belong to the best investigated classes of transition metal compounds. Such complexes are coordinatively saturated, intensely colored solids = 350-400 nm), which exhibit a sufficient stability for normal preparative use. Especially chromium carbene complexes (2) enjoy increasing importance in organic synthesis, and it must be added that thermal reactions such as benzannulations (i.e. the Ddtz reaction), cyclopropanations and additions to a,j8-unsatu-rated complexes clearly predominate [2J. 

The power broadening curves allow one to determine the saturation intensity ... 

The evolution of O2 from water has been shown to occur every 4th flash, when flashes of saturating intensity, short enough to allow only one turnover of the PS II reaction centres, are fired, separated by a dark period long enough to permit the reoxidation of the electron acceptors on the reducing side of PS II [7]. This observation has been the basis of the S states model. Each flash promotes the transition from the state S to S +, in the sequence [8,9] ... 

Single-molecule spectra as a function of laser intensity provided details of the incoherent saturation behavior and the influence of the dark triplet state dynamics [33]. Clear heterogeneity in the observed saturation intensity was observed indicating that the individual molecules experience modihcations in photophysical parameters due to differences in local environments. It was also possible to measure the linewidth of single pentacene molecules as a function of temperature in order to probe dephasing effects produced by coupling to a local phonon mode [33]. 

To enhance the signal-to-noise ratio, one would like to increase the incident power P. Unfortunately, this power is limited to a saturation power Psat by the object to be detected. For larger powers, saturation will significantly reduce the absorption cross-section. In an absorption measurement on a zero-phonon line at low temperature [1,6], the cross-section can reach a sizeable fraction of the squared light wavelength, a/Ak, 10 with a saturation intensity of about... 

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