Pulsed laser deposition demonstrator devices

LAPS was introduced by Sato et al. [155]. The detection of heavy metal ions by thin films of chalcogenide-glass membranes using the pulsed laser deposition method (PLD) was reported by Mourzina et al. [156]. The PLD technique was also introduced to evaporate A1203 as a pH-sensitive material for LAPS devices [157]. The first practical application of the above-described LAPS card was demonstrated by Kloock et al. for a comparative study of Cd-sensitive chalcogenide glasses for ISFETs, LAPS and pISEs (ion-selective electrodes) [158]. 

A laser-induced acoustic desorption (LIAD) device combined with a chemical ionization source was employed for the analysis of crude oil distillates under atmospheric pressure. In general, LIAD, a matrix-free and laser-based approach, is usually performed under vacuum conditions. The desorption process in LIAD is induced by the action of a shockwave that is generated as a pulsed laser irradiated on the backside of a metal foil. As the energy is transferred from the metal foil to the sample, which is deposited on another side of the foil, it induces the desorption of analytes. By the interaction of the analyte with an ion cloud generated by a chemical ionization (Cl) process, analytes with a wide range of polarity are successfully ionized. Marshall et ah have combined an atmospheric pressure AP-LIAD/ Cl with a 9.4 T FT-ICR/MS to perform high resolution chemical analyses imder ambient conditions. It was demonstrated that not only polar but also non-polar compounds in the crude oil distillates could be successfully characterized by this AP-LIAD/Cl/FT-ICR/MS approach. 

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