Pulse glass

It allows the laser radiation to be focused onto a small area 10 cm ) and the power density to be considerably increased (up to 10 watt cm with continuous argon-lasers, and more than 10 watt cm with pulsed glass lasers) 22). This is, for instance, important for microspectrometric investigations (see Section III. 9) and for production of high-temperature plasmas. 

Phil. Trans., 1813,103, 7i On a Method of Freezing at a Distance, he also used the name cryophorus Ann. Phil, 1813,2, 230. In Wollaston s apparatus the bulbs were 1 in. in diameter and connected by -in. bore tube. See also Saunders, J. Phys. Chem., 1908,12, 279 Black, Lectures on the Elements of Chemistry, Edinburgh, 1803, 1, 178, attributes the invention of this pulse-glass to Benjamin Franklin. 

A process for the recovery of Am (and Pu) from these concentrates, based on solvent extraction with tricapryl methyl ammonium nitrate, TCMAN (Aliquat-336, nitrate form), was developed (30), and was operated for some time in a small-scale facility equipped with pulsed glass columns at the Alkem company to produce multi-gram amounts of americium dioxide. In its final version (3JU the process worked as follows The concentrated effluents were made up to 6 to 7 moles/1 nitric acid, and the U and Pu were extracted in the first column by 0,5 moles/1 TCMAN dissolved in Solves-so-100, a high-boiling aromatic diluent. U and Pu... 

Franklin, Experiments and Observations on Electricity, London, 1769, 489 (letter of 1768), not named Black, Lectures on Chemistry, Edinburgh, 1803, i, 179 and plate ( pulse,glass ) Partington, Advanced Physical Chemistry, 1952, iii, p. lix. 

Another important breaktlirough occurred with the 1974 development by Laubereau et al [24] of tunable ultrafast IR pulse generation. IR excitation is more selective and reliable than SRS, and IR can be used in pump-probe experiments or combined with anti-Stokes Raman probing (IR-Raman method) [16] Ultrashort IR pulses have been used to study simple liquids and solids, complex liquids, glasses, polymers and even biological systems. 

The writing process, that is, the transition crystalline — amorphous, is caused by briefly (<50 100 ns) heating up the selected storage area (diameter (( )) ca 0.5—1 Hm) by a laser pulse to a temperature above the melting point of the memory layer (Eig. 15, Record), such that the film locally melts. When cooled faster than a critical quench rate (10 -10 ° K/s), the formation of crystalline nuclei is suppressed and the melted area sohdifies into the amorphous (glass-like) state. 

This is in contrast to lasers based on mby or neodymium in glass, which operate at much lower pulse-repetition rates. Nd YAG lasers are often operated as frequency-doubled devices so that the output is at 532 nm. These lasers are the most common type of soHd-state laser and have dominated sohd-state laser technology since the early 1970s. Nd YAG lasers having continuous output power up to 1800 W are available, but output powers of a few tens of watts are much more common. 

Ignition pulse generator including pulse generator with button, low tension cable, coil electrode and sight glass, if required. 

---