Psychiatric disorders obsessive compulsive disorder

Paroxetine. Paroxetine, also a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, has been the subject of a case report in two subjects. Ringold [1994] reported the effective treatment of two individuals who had not responded to prior therapy with fluoxetine and sertraline. Both individuals had comorbid psychiatric problems. Subject A demonstrated both social phobia and dysthymia. Although her symptoms of dysthymia were clinically responsive to fluoxetine therapy, her social phobia symptoms were resistant. Subject B had body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and social phobia. His obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms benefited from fluoxetine therapy, but his social anxiety was resistant. Sertraline therapy was attempted in both subjects. Subject A required discontinuation because of adverse effects. Subject B experienced a worsening of both obsessive-compulsive disorder and social phobia symptoms. Both subjects demonstrated a positive response in their symptoms when switched to paroxetine [20 mg/day]. 

The mood and anxiety disorders in their various permutations constitute a major source of personal suffering and impaired ability to engage in productive Avork and interpersonal relationships. Between 5 and 9% of women and between 2 and 3% of men meet the diagnostic criteria for major depression at any time 10-25% of all women suffer major depression sometime in their lives, while 5-10% of men will develop major depressive disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The anxiety disorders obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) show lifetime prevalence rates of approximately 2.5%, 7%, 2.5%, and 5% respectively. Between 3 and 13% of individuals in community samples are regarded to meet the diagnostic criteria for social phobia. Mood and anxiety disorders are common comorbidities (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and the most common antidepressant medications including the serotonin reuptake inhibitors, the mixed serotonin-catecholamine reuptake inhibitors, the tricyclic antidepressants, and the monoamine oxidase inhibitors, are all effective treatments for anxiety and panic attacks. 

Otto, M., Normal and abnormal information processing A neuropsychological perspective on obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 15(4), 825-848, 1992. 

Carlsson, M.L. On the role of cortical glutamate in obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, two phenomenologically antithetical conditions. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 102 401, 2000. 

Billett EA, Richter MA, Sam F, Swinson RP, Dai XY, King N, Badri F, Sasaki T, Buchanan JA, Kennedy JL (1998) Investigation of dopamine system genes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Genet 8 163-169... 

Camarena B, Cruz C, de la Puente JR, Nicolini H (1998) A higher frequency of a low activity-related allele of the M AO-A gene in females with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Genet 8 255-257... 

Kinnear C, Niehaus DJ, Seedat S, Moolman-Smook JC, Corfield VA, Malherbe G, Potgieter A, Lombard C, Stein DJ (2001) Obsessive-compulsive disorder and a novel polymorphism adjacent to the oestrogen response element (ERE 6) upstream from the COMT gene. Psychiatr Genet 11 85-87... 

Baxter, L.R., Jr. (1992) Neuroimaging studies of obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 15 871-884. 

Denckla, M. (1989) Neurological examination. In Rapoport, J., ed. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Press, pp. 107-115. 

The past decade has seen a renewed emphasis on the range of neurological and psychiatric symptoms seen in TS patients. Symptoms associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have received the most attention. 

Cummings, J.L. and Cunningham, K. (1992) Obsessive-compulsive disorder in Huntington s disease. Biol Psychiatry 31 263-270. Denckla, M.B. (1989) Neurological examination. In Rapoport, J.L., ed. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Press, pp. 107-118. Douglass, H.M., Moffit, T.E., Dar, R., McGee, R., and Silva, P. (1995) Obsessive-compulsive disorder in a birth cohort of 18 year olds prevalence and predictors. / Am Acad Child Adoles Psychiatry 34 1424-1431. 

Fitzgerald, K.D., MacMaster, F.P., Paulson, L.D., and Rosenberg, D.R. (1999) Neurobiology of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin North Am 8 533—575. 

Karno, M. and Golding, J. (1991) Obsessive compulsive disorder. In Robins L. and Regrer, D.A., eds. Psychiatric Disorders in America The Epidemiological Catchment Area Study. New York The... 

Thomsen, P.H. and Mikkelsen, H.U. (1991) Children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder the demographic and diagnostic characteristics of 61 Danish patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 83 262-266. 

Alderman, J., Wolkow, R., Chung, M., and Johnston, H.R (1998). Sertraline treatment of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder or depression pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and efficacy./ Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37 386—394. American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association Press. 

Hewlett, W.A. (1993) The use of benzodiazepines in obsessive compulsive disorder and Tourette s syndrome. Psychiatr Ann 23 309-316. 

Joffe RT, Swinson RP Total sleep deprivation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 77 483-487, 1988 Joffe RT, Swinson RP, Levitt AJ Acute psychostimulant challenge in primary obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Chn Psychopharmacol 11 237-241, 1991 Johns CA, Greenwald BS, Mohs RC, et al The chohnergic treatment strategy in aging and senile dementia. Pharmacological Bulletin 19 185-197, 1983 Johnson BB, Naylor GJ, Dick EG, et al Prediction of chnical course of bipolar manic depressive illness treated with hthium. Psychol Med 10 329-334, 1980... 

Vinar O, Klein DE, Potter WZ, et al A survey of psychotropic medications not available in the United States. Neuropsychopharmacology 5 201-217, 1991 Vitiello B, Spreat S, Behar D Obsessive-compulsive disorder in mentally retarded patients. J Nerv Ment Dis 177 232-236, 1989 Vitiello B, Shimon H, Behar D, et al Platelet imipramine binding and serotonin uptake in OCD patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 84 29-32, 1991 Vizi ES, Harsing LG, Zsilla G Evidence of the modulatory role of serotonin in acetylcholine release from striatal interneurones. Brain Res 212 89-99, 1981 Vogel GW A review of REM sleep deprivation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 32 749-761, 1975... 

Simpson HB, Kozak M. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychiatr Pract 2000 6 59-68. 

Five women using the Norplant system developed major depression, two of whom also developed obsessive-compulsive disorder and one of whom also developed agoraphobia (28). They had no prior psychiatric history but developed major depression within 1-3 months after insertion of Norplant. The depression worsened over time and in all cases resolved within 1-2 months after removal of Norplant. There was no recurrence of depression after 7-8 months in four cases available for follow-up. In addition to major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder developed in two women and symptoms of agoraphobia developed in one woman during Norplant treatment, which resolved after removal. 

Physicians use benzodiazepines to treat many disorders, including a number of anxiety disorders. These include acute anxiety, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. In addition, benzodiazepines can be used to treat agitation or anxiety that is caused by other psychiatric conditions such as acute mania, psychotic illness, depression, impulse control disorders, and catatonia or mutism. 

Roy-Byrne P, Wingerson DK, Radant A, Greenblatt DJ, Cowley DS (1996) Reduced benzodiazepine sensitivity in patients with panic disorder comparison with patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and normal subjects. Am J Psychiatr 153 1444-1449... 

Koponen H, LepolaU, Leinonen E, Jokinen R, Penttinen J, Turtonen J (1997) Citalopram in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder an open pilot study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 96 343-346... 

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