Pseudogenization

Family Subfamily, genes, pseudogenes (P) Typical substrates/fu net ions... 

P, pseudogenes PAHs, polycyclic hydrocarbons PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls. 

The CYP2 family is the largest CYP family in humans and it comprises about 16 functional genes and 11 pseudogenes. 

Pseudogenes are nonfunctional relatives of known genes that have lost their ability to encode proteins. 

The conversion of a functional into a pseudogene most frequently results from mutations such as frameshift mutations or deletions. Even though pseudogenes might still have some retained functionality such as promoter-or enhancer-like features, they are usually classified as pseudogenes upon their lack of protein-coding ability. 

S100A7P1 S100 calcium binding protein A7 pseudogene 1 S100A7L3, S100A7d 1q21 ... 

S100A11P S100 calcium binding protein A11 pseudogene S100A14 7q22-q31 ... 

Pseudogene An inactive segment of DNA arising by mutation of a parental active gene. 

The gradual suppression of VNR genes and the insertion of pseudogenes (Chap. 6) could account for the differential maturation of the two genomes, eventually leading to the situation where the organ is lost in the adult. 

Gilad Y., Segre D., Skorecki K Nachman M., et al. (2000). Dichotomy of singlenucleotide polymorphism haplotypes in olfactory receptor genes and pseudogenes. Nature Genet 26, 221-224. 

Sharon D., Glusman G., Pilpel Y., Khen M., et al. (1999). Primate evolution of an olfactory receptor cluster diversification by gene conversion and recent emergence of pseudogenes. Genomics 61, 24-36. 

B35. Brown, J. R., Daar, I. O., Krug, J. R., and Maquart, L. E., Characterization of the functional gene and several processed pseudogenes in the human triosephosphate isomerase gene family. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5,1694-1707 (1985). 

Fig. 11.3. H uman duodenal expression variability of glucose transporters (unpublished data). Shaded box indicates 25—75% of expression range, the line within the box marks the median, and error bars indicate 10-90% of expression range. CLUT6, glucose transporter pseudogene CLUT2, glucose transporter-like...

Jun G et al. Ethnic differences in poly CADP-ribose) polymerase pseudogene genotype distribution association with lung cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 1999 20 1465-1469. 

VOELKER, T.A., MORENO, J., CHRISPEELS, M.J., Expression analysis of a pseudogene in transgenic tobacco - a frameshift mutation prevents messenger-RNA accumulation, Plant Cell, 1990, 2,255-261. 

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