Protozoa anaerobic

The answer is e. (Hardman, pp 995-998.) Metronidazole is a low-molecular-weight compound that penetrates all tissues and fluids of the body. Metronidazole s spectrum of activity is limited largely to anaerobic bacteria-—including B./ragihs—and certain protozoa. It is considered to be the drug of choice for trichomoniasis in females and carrier states in males, as well as intestinal infections with CAardia lamblia. 

Finlay BJ, Fenchel T. 1989. Hydrogenosomes in some anaerobic protozoa resemble mitochondria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 65 311-14. 

Pharmacology Metronidazole, a nitroimidazole, is active against various anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. It is believed to invoke cytotoxicity on the reduced nitro group in the bacterium cell. The liberated inactive end products are believed to target the RNA, DNA, or cellular proteins of the organisms. 

Metronidazole Flagyl, Metrogel) exerts activity against most anaerobic bacteria and several protozoa. The drug freely penetrates protozoal and bacterial cells but not mammalian cells. Metronidazole can function as an electron sink, and because it does so, its 5-nitro group is reduced. The enzyme, pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreduc-tase, found only in anaerobic organisms, reduces metronidazole and thereby activates the drug. Reduced metronidazole disrupts replication and transcription and inhibits DNA repair. 

Research into heteroarylnitrenium ions has been spurred by their apparent involvement in the carcinogenicity of heterocyclic arylamines and the antibiotic effects of 2-nitroimidazoles against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and by theoretical considerations. ... 

Muller M (2003) Energy metabolism. Part I Anaerobic protozoa. In Marr J (ed) Molecular Medical Parasitology. Academic Press, London, pp 125-139... 

Clarke KJ, Finlay BJ, Esteban G, Guhl BE, Embley TM (1993) Cyclidium porcatum N. sp. -a free-living anaerobic scuticociliate containing a stable complex of hydrogenosomes, eubacteria and archaeobacteria. Eur J Protistol 29 262-270 Corliss JO (1979) The ciliated protozoa Characterization, classification, and guide to the literature. Pergamon Press, London... 

Upcroft P, Upcroft JA (2001) Drug targets and mechanisms of resistance in the anaerobic protozoa. Clin Microbiol Rev 14 150-164... 

Muller M (1975) Biochemistry of protozoan microbodies peroxisomes, alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase bodies, hydrogenosomes. Annu Rev Microbiol 29 467-483 Muller M (2003) Energy metabolism. Part I Anaerobic protozoa. In Marr JJ, Nilsen TW, Komnuniecki RW (eds) Molecular Medical Parasitology. Academic Press, New York, pp 125-139... 

Pyruvate ferrodoxin oxidoreductase Anaerobic protozoa Nitroimidazoles... 

Pyruvate phosphate dikinase Anaerobic protozoa None... 

Muller M (1980) The hydrogenosome. Symp Soc Gen Microbiol 30 127-142 Muller M (1985) Search for cell organelles in protozoa. J Protozool 32 559-563 Muller M (1992) Energy metabolism of ancestral eukaryotes a hypothesis based on the biochemistry of amitochondriate parasitic protists. BioSystems 28 33-40 Muller M (2003) Energy metabolism. Part I Anaerobic protozoa. In Marr J, Nilsen T, Komuniecki R (eds) Molecular medical parasitology. Academic, London, pp 125-139 Muller M, Hogg JF, de Duve C (1968) Distribution of tricarboxylic acid cyle enzymes andofgly-oxylate cycle enzymes between mitochondria and peroxisomes of Tetrahymena pyriformis. J Biol Chem 243 5385-5395... 

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