Proteinuria normal values

Hyperlipidemia (mainly hypercholesterolemia) is a regular part of nephrotic syndrome (K13, W6). Serum levels of cholesterol are often markedly elevated, usually above 10 mmol/L. However, in severely malnourished patients, normal or even decreased serum cholesterol level can be found. Serum levels of triacylglyc-erols fluctuate, from normal values to markedly elevated values (mainly in patients with proteinuria higher than 10 g/24 hr). There is a variable increase in plasma concentrations of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL, they correlate negatively with serum albumin level), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL), andLDL however, plasma concentrations of HDL are usually normal (J3). Levels of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)j are also increased (W4). Remission of nephrotic syndrome or decrease of proteinuria may result in the decrease of plasma concentrations of Lp(a) (G2). Concentration of free fatty acids in serum is commonly decreased because they are normally bound to albumin and albumin is lost into the urine. The activity of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is usually decreased. 

We have found that normal proteinuria values for our male CD1 mice vary, but we assume anything over 20 mg/24 h to be abnormal. However, it should be noted that overnight collection is absolutely essential. 

Renal Effects. Rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, and mice dermally exposed to uranyl nitrate hexahydrate for 1 day showed proteinuria for up to 10 days, followed by recovery to control values. The degree of proteinuria did not correlate well with the applied dose of uranium. Rabbits had elevated blood NPN at doses over 270 mg U/kg. The animals that died from dermal exposure to uranium had microscopic renal damage typical of uranium poisoning. The kidneys of the animals that did not die were essentially normal, which may reflect repair of acute renal injury (Orcutt 1949). Chemically induced renal failure caused 100% mortality in male Wistar rats after 5 daily exposures to 237 or 1,928 mg U/kg/day as uranyl nitrate hexahydrate or ammonium uranyl tricarbonate, respectively, applied in a water-Vaseline emulsion (De Rey et al. 1983). Deaths from renal failure were also reported in this study for male Wistar rats that received daily apphcations of 1,965 mg U/kg as uranyl acetate dihydrate for 1-11 days. 

The level of 400-500 ug of cadmium indicated as the provisional tolerable weekly intake is based on calculations involving normal and critical values of cadmium in the renal cortex and on what is known of the rate of accxamulation of cadmium in that organ. However, the uncertainties involved are many and varied. For example, the cadmium intake of many populations is presently unknown only scanty data are available on the absorption and excretion of cadmium in various nutritional and metabolic states and it is not very well established that populations with excessive cadmium loads from the diet inevitably develop proteinuria. 

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