Protein digestion disorders

Know the names and modes of action of all proteolytic enzymes and their zymogens, if any, and the hormones that regulate protein digestion understand the mechanisms of amino acid absorption and their disorders understand amino acid traffic patterns in the bloodstream, including their changes in the various dietary states and hepatic encephalopathy. 

CCK is found in the digestive tract and the central and peripheral nervous systems. In the brain, CCK coexists with DA. In the peripheral nervous system, the two principal physiological actions of CCK are stimulation of gaU. bladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion. CCK also stimulates glucose and amino acid transport, protein and DNA synthesis, and pancreatic hormone secretion. In the CNS, CCK induces hypothermia, analgesia, hyperglycemia, stimulation of pituitary hormone release, and a decrease in exploratory behavior. The CCK family of neuropeptides has been impHcated in anxiety and panic disorders, psychoses, satiety, and gastric acid and pancreatic enzyme secretions. 

I/cBa substrate peptide (Figure 7.11). These isolated j5-catenin and I/cBa peptides should accurately reflect the context of these destruction motifs in their respective full-length proteins, since Lysl9 and the destruction motif of j5-catenin are both in a 133-residue N-terminal region that has been previously shown to have a disordered structure by proteolytic digestion analysis [104]. The destruction motif of I/cBa similarly resides outside the structured ankyrin-repeat domain. 

China Lilium japonicum Thunb. L. lancifolium Thunb. L. pumilum DC L. concolor Salisb. Protein, colchiceine.49 Relieve coughing, ease anxiety, improve digestion, treat anxiety, apprehension, carminative, sedative, gynecologic disorders. 

Figure 18.2 Redox proteomics and oxidatively modified proteins in the brain. Redox proteomics has the potential of detecting disease markers and identifying potential targets for drug therapy in neurodegenerative disorders. Redox proteomics involves the separation of brain proteins followed by detection, usually immunochemically, of oxidatively modified proteins, either from a two-dimensional western blot or from column eluents. Subsequent mass spectrometric analysis of tryptic digests and database searching leads to protein identification.

Proteolytic enzymes (proteases) are involved in a wide variety of physiological processes including digestion, fertilization, coagulation, and the immune response. Outside of their normal environment, proteases can be extremely destructive and natural human plasma inhibitors inhibit most proteases that escape. Imbalance in protease-protease inhibitor systems can lead to a number of diseases of which pulmonary emphysema is one well-characterized example. This disease results when the protease elastase attacks elas-tin, the major elastic protein in the lung. Considerable effort has been devoted to the synthesis of inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes such as elastase for possible therapeutic use. In the future, specific and selective synthetic protease inhibitors should be useful for treating specific diseases that range from the common cold to chronic disorders such as emphysema. 

Amino acid analysis is widely applied in research, clinical facilities, and industry. It is a fundamental technique in biotechnology, used to determine the concentration of peptide solutions, to confirm protein binding in antibody conjugates, and for end-terminal analysis following enzymatic digestion. Clinical applications include diagnosing metabolic disorders in newborns. In industry, it is used for quality control of products ranging from animal feed to infant formula. 

It wiU be evident from the section on processes of digestion and absorption that the pancreas plays a central role in the absorptive process for carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Disorders of the exocrine pancreas are therefore frequently associated with GI symptoms of malabsorption or diarrhea. In this section, pediatric and adult exocrine pancreatic disorders are briefly discussed and tests for assessing exocrine pancreatic function are described. Information on exocrine pancreatic tumors can be found in the later section on GI regulatory peptides. Recent textbooks on gastroenterology or medicine have more detail on the clinical aspects of exocrine pancreatic disorders. 

---