Protective detergents

Phosphorus and compounds SPA Phosphoric acid Boiler blowdown Corrosion protection Detergents Fertilizers Matches Metal finishing... 

Corrosion Inhibitors. The corrosion inhibitors used in diesel fuel ate generally similar to those used in gasoline and, like the latter, produce an effect primarily by surface action. If amine additives ate used for detergency, these may provide some corrosion protection as well. 

Zeohtes have high potential for protecting ecosystems, from faciUtating wastewater and gas treatment to providing water softeners in detergents to replace the undesirable polyphosphate. 

Elastomeric Fibers. Elastomeric fibers are polyurethanes combiaed with other nonelastic fibers to produce fabrics with controlled elasticity (see Fibers, elastomeric). Processing chemicals must be carefully selected to protect all fibers present ia the blend. Prior to scouriag, the fabrics are normally steamed to relax uneven tensions placed on the fibers duriag weaving. Scouriag, which is used to remove lubricants and siting, is normally conducted with aqueous solutions of synthetic detergents and tetrasodium pyrophosphate, with aqueous emulsions of perchloroethylene or with mineral spidts and sodium pyrophosphate. 

It is sometimes possible to add properties in Hquid formulations that provide additional functions. Examples in development or in commercial use as of 1993 include microencapsulation (qv) of enzymes for protection against bleach when dispersed in a Hquid detergent addition of certain polymers to protect the enzyme after it has been added to Hquid detergents (32), or to boost activity in the final appHcation addition of surfactants or wetting agents. 

Cleaning solution formulations may include one or more deposit removers, plus an appropriate corrosion inhibitor (to protect exposed metal). An antifoam and often a wetting agent [e.g., an alkylarylpoly-ethoxy alcohol with a 12-15 hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) to improve detergency and solubilization] may also be added. 

SDSI is being developed to recognize companies, facilities, and others who voluntarily phase out or commit to phasing out the manufacture or use of NPE surfactants. NPEs are used in detergents in cleaning and other products. Both NPEs and their breakdown products, such as nonylphenol, can harm aquatic life. The Safer Detergents Initiative complements EPA s Aquatic Life Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Nonylphenol which are designed to protect aquatic hfe in both fresh and saltwater and can form the basis for state and tribal water quahty standards. 

Other substitutes were available, but a report by the New York State Environmental Protection Agency stated these were inferior to phosphate, posed an alkalinity hazard, and reduced the effectiveness of flame-retardant materials.10 Nevertheless, this did not stop the states of Indiana and New York from banning the sale of nearly all detergents containing phosphates in 1973. A number of other states, counties, and municipalities did not go this far, but limited the amount of STPP to... 

The instability of DAST-type brighteners towards chlorine-containing bleaches has been mentioned already. They also show limited stability towards per-acids. As recommended washing temperatures have tended to fall in recent years, a bleach consisting of sodium perborate activated by addition of tetra-acetylethylenediamine (11.63) has become an important component of household detergent formulations. This system is effective at temperatures as low as 40-50 °C. Since the FBA may be sensitive to the activated oxidant, however, in some formulations it is necessary to protect compounds such as 11.60 or 11.61 by encapsulating either the brightener or the activator, if adequate shelf-life is to be maintained. 

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