Prostate specific membrane antigen PSMA

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a type II membrane glycoprotein that is expressed in prostate tissue and to a lesser extent in peripheral and central nervous system, small intestinal, and salivary gland... 

As mentioned earlier in the section on prostate, PSA and PSAP have proven to be useful in identifying prostate lineage. However, the sensitivities of PSA and PSAP decrease in poorly differentiated PCa and newer markers such as prostein (P501S), prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), proPSA (pPSA), and NKX3.U may be of added utility. Combining these markers with urothelial lineage markers such as thrombomodulin and... 

Marchal C, Redondo M, Padilla M, et al. Expression of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in prostatic adenocarcinoma and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Histol Histopathol. 2004 19 715. 

Mannweiler S, Amersdorfer P, Trajanoski S, et al. Heterogeneity of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) Expression in Prostate Garcinoma with Distant Metastasis. Pathol Oncol Res. 2009 15 167-172. 

Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) (tee Note 1). 

Gong, M.C., Chang, S.S., Sadelain, M., Bander, N. H., and Heston, W. D. (1999) Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-specific monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of prostate and other cancers, Cancer Metastasis Rev 18, 483 190. 

Many studies show that the use of PCR-based molecular methods to amplify PSA-mRNA as molecular marker offer a sensitive assay for the detection of extraprostatic PSA synthesizing cells suitable for monitoring and detection of micrometastases and circulating tumor cells originated from prostatic carcinoma. The use of PSA as a molecular target proved to be more sensitive than the amplification of other prostate-specific tissue markers like prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) or human glandular kallikrien (a member of the kallikrien family of serine proteases with trypsin like activity). 

Troyer JK, Beckett ML, Wright GL, Jr. Detection and characterization of the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in tissne extracts and body fluids. International Journal of Cancer Journal International du Cancer. 1995 62(5) 552-8. 

A 4-electrode SWCNT forest array was used to detect prostate cancer biomarkers PSA, IL-6, platelet factor-4 (PF-4), and prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in the serum of prostate cancer patients and cancer-free controls. High accuracy was confirmed by excellent correlation with results from individual ELIS As giving slopes of correlation plots close to 1.0 and intercepts near zero for all proteins (Fig. 6) [70]. 

Figure 6.8 In vivo fluorescence imaging of human prostate cancer xenograft tumors. Mice were injected intravenously with GPI-functionalized QDs and observed for 4 h. (a) The prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-positive LNCaP tumor and PSMA-negative PC-3 tumor are indicated. Shown are representative images for animals in the prone position, (b) In situ (top row) and resected (bottom row) organs from a imaged at 4 h post-injection with color video and NIR fluorescence. (Ki, kidneys Du, duodenum Sp, spleen In, intestines Lu, lungs Li, liver Pa, pancreas Ab, abdominal wall Bl, bladder.) Reproduced by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd. Nat. Nanotechnol. Copyright (2009).

In the human prostate, a high-affinity folate binding protein was characterized (Holm et al. 1993), and folic acid binds to the membrane fraction that cross-reacts with the anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) antibody. Folate-linked nanoparticles, NP-F composed of DC-Chol as a cationic lipid. Tween 80, and folale-PEG lipid showed greater transfection efficiency in human prostate cancer LNCaP cells and human cervix carcinoma HeLa cells than in KB cells (Hattori and Maitani 2005). Folate-linked nanoparticles may bind to PMSA and then be taken up via an endocytic mechanism by LNCaP cells (Hattori and Maitani 2004). 

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a type II integral membrane protein expressed on the surface of prostate cancer (PCa) cells, particularly in androgen-independent, advanced, and metastatic disease. N-[N-[(S)-l,3-dicarboxypropyl]carbamoyl]-4- F-fluorobenzyl-L-cysteine ( F-DCFBC) could image an experimental model of PSMA-positive PCa using PET. Three adverse events occurred in five patients with metastatic PCa who received intravenous administration of 370 MBq (10 mCi) of F-DCFBC. Two patients experienced grade three blood pressure events using the CTCAE. A third patient experienced lower back pain. Patients did not experience any severe adverse events [til ll. 

---