Propylene carbonate thallium electrodes

Propylene Carbonate (PC) and Water. Data from both spectroscopic and thermodynamic studies for other solvent systems are sparse and some of it is of doubtful quality. For propylene carbonate, Salomon (40) has obtained emf data using lithium metal and thallium amalgam-thallous chloride or bromide electrodes. 

Other reference electrodes for use in polar aptotic solvents. Emphasis has been given to the use of the silver-silver ion reference electrode because it is almost universally applicable, and because standardization on the use of one reference electrode system simplifies the comparison of data between different workers. However, a number of other reference electrodes have been used (see Table 5.4), particularly those that have resulted from the vast amount of batteiy research. These include the Li/Li(solv)+ and other alkali metal electrodes that function reversibly in Me2SO, propylene carbonate, and hexa-methylphosphoramide. The thallium-thallous halide electrodes of the second kind also function reversibly in Me2SO and propylene carbonate. The cadmium amalgam-cadmium chloride reference electrode also functions reversibly in dimethylformamide and may be a useful substitute for the silver-silver ion reference electrode, which may be unstable in dimethyformamide.54... 

Owing to low solubility of thallium halides in organic solvent, the thallium reference electrode was successfully used in dimethylsulfoxide [156-158], dimethylformamide [159], propylene carbonate [160], and acetonitrile [161]. 

This report discusses electrochemical studies relative to the solution thermodynamics of potential high energy battery electrolytes and cathode materials in the aprotic organic solvents, propylene carbonate, DMF and DMSO. The study includes a comprehensive survey of reversible reference electrode systems and a specific experimental review of chloride reversible electrodes based on silver, thallium, lead and cadmium. A very useful bibliography is included which covers much of the recent technical report literature relative to high energy density batteries. 

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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ ]

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