Propulsion energy/work

This paper represents one phase of research carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Contract NAS7-100. Work at JPL and University of California, Riverside was supported by the RAD task of the Solar Thermal Power Systems project sponsored by the Department of Energy. Work at... 

The first law of thermodynamics relates the energy conversion produced by chemical reaction of an energetic material to the work acting on a propulsive or explosive system. The heat produced by chemical reaction q) is converted into the internal energy of the reaction product (e) and the work done to the system [w] according to... 

In nuclear propulsion, any thermodynamic device, such as a radiator or condenser, that is designed to absorb the excess heat energy of the working fluid. Also called heat dump. 

It can be seen from a review of the synthetic chemistry associated with binder research that significant scientific contributions came from this work. Most of the advanced systems developed, however, have found very limited application in solid propulsion owing to such factors as thermal and shock sensitivity, lower energy than originally calculated, high cost and lack of availability of chemicals, and deficiencies in the physical properties of the polymers prepared. 

We would like to thank Bob Grasselli, Jim Burrington, and Keith Hall for spirited discussions of various aspects of chemistry on molybdates. We also gratefully acknowledge partial support of this work from the Department of Energy (under a contract with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory) and the Donors of the Petroleum Research Fund of the American Chemical Society. One of the authors (JNA) wishes to acknowledge support in the form of a fellowship from the Fannie and John Hertz Foundation. This chapter is Contribution No. 7101 from the Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics. 

PEM-type fuel cells have the advantage of operating at pressures from 101 to 810 kPa. In addition, they work well at lower temperatures (a feature not present in other types of fuel cells). These fuel cells can operate at 55% efficiency versus a maximum of 30% for internal combustion engines [1], In order to achieve the necessary energy to power the motors for propulsion, fuel cells are manufactured in a stack arrangement. In these arrangements, other components are needed (such as humidifiers to keep the cell moist, air compressors, and gas filters) to make up the fuel-cell propulsion unit. Each stack has a flat cathode sheet and a flat anode sheet, which are stacked in order to meet the particular vehicle s power requirements [1], Current vehicle testing... 

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