Flat cathode

Three-dimensional mathematical models of the behaviour of the different species in a dcGD in argon were used to study the influence of the dimensions of flat-cathode/ hollow-anode cylindrical cells on the calculated plasma quantities. The cell dimensions were found not to affect the plasma quantities qualitatively but only as regards their... 

Fig. 72. Restrictor tube configurations and current-voltage characteristics of flat cathode dc glow discharges. (A) According to Grimm (B) floating restrictor (C) restrictor made of...

The features of glow discharges can be realized in the hollow cathode and related sources, in glow discharges with flat cathodes with dc or rf power and in special sources such as the so-called gas-sampling glow discharges. 

Bogaerts A. and Gijbels R. (1997) Calculation of crater profiles on a flat cathode in a direct current glow discharge, Spectrochim Acta, Part B 52 765-777. 

PEM-type fuel cells have the advantage of operating at pressures from 101 to 810 kPa. In addition, they work well at lower temperatures (a feature not present in other types of fuel cells). These fuel cells can operate at 55% efficiency versus a maximum of 30% for internal combustion engines [1], In order to achieve the necessary energy to power the motors for propulsion, fuel cells are manufactured in a stack arrangement. In these arrangements, other components are needed (such as humidifiers to keep the cell moist, air compressors, and gas filters) to make up the fuel-cell propulsion unit. Each stack has a flat cathode sheet and a flat anode sheet, which are stacked in order to meet the particular vehicle s power requirements [1], Current vehicle testing... 

FIGURE 2.4. Billiter cell. A flat cathode B corrugated cathode, a anode c cathode d diaphragm ac anode chamber cc cathode chamber bi brine inlet co chlorine outl no caustic outlet ho hydrogen outlet. 

We repeat that the guns described above form only one end of the spectrum of particle sources. Others have large flat cathodes. Many are required to produce high currents and current densities, in which case we speak of space-charge flow these are the Pierce guns and PIGs (Pierce ion guns). 

Figure 6. Bill iter cell, flat cathode (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 8. Copyright 1912 Edward Arnold).

Furnace Emission Spectrometry. . 701 Glow Discharges with Flat Cathodes 701... 

The simplest form consists of a flat cathode located just above and electrically connected to a pool of molten lead, which collects in the base of the cell. This in turn is connected through a steel bar to the power supply. The anodes are graphite plates held above the cathode using ceramic spacers and provide for the escape of chlorine gas to collect in the upper sealed space of the cell. The cell is fed with dry lead chloride, which is controlled by the density of the electrolyte, and lead metal is periodically tapped from the cell via a siphon. 

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