Properties and Test Methods

The composition of natural and process gases can vary so widely that no single set of specifications can possibly cover all of the tests necessary to define the specifications. The requirements are usually based on performances in burners and equipment, on minimum heat content, and on maximum sulfur content. 

Because natural gas as delivered to pipelines has practically no odor, the addition of an odorant is required by most regulations so that the presence of the gas can be detected readily in case of accidents and leaks. This odor- 

The different methods for measuring gas composition include absorption, distillation, combustion, mass spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and gas chromatography (ASTM D-2163, ASTM D-2650, and ASTM D-4424). Absorption methods involve absorbing individual constituents one at a time in suitable solvents and recording of contraction in volume measured. Distillation methods depend on the separation of constituents by fractional distillation and measurement of the volumes distilled. In combustion methods, certain combustible elements are caused to burn to carbon dioxide and water and the volume changes are used to calculate composition. Infrared spectroscopy is useful in particular applications. For the most accurate analyses, mass spectroscopy and gas chromatography are the preferred methods. 

The specific gravity of product gases, including LPG, may be determined conveniently by a number of methods and a variety of instruments (ASTM D-1070,ASTMD-4891). 

The heat value of gases is generally determined at constant pressure in a flow calorimeter in which the heat released by the combustion of a definite quantity of gas is absorbed by a measured quantity of water or air. A continuous recording calorimeter is available for measuring heat values of natural gases (ASTM D-1826). 

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Bayer Lustran 31-2060, physical properties and test methods, l 440t Bayer process, 2 348 11 624, 635 ... 

Foam Properties and Testing Methods. In general, most physical properties of foams, both flexible and rigid, are proportional to the foam density. Therefore, at all times, the first physical property to be determined is foam density. Foam density can be calculated fi om the following equation ... 

Clearly, the response of fluids to an applied shear can be linear or nonlinear and depends on two major factors shear rate and structural or mechanical properties of the system, which in turn depend upon the interaction between the components including the rheological additives. It is the latter that primarily determines the flow properties of LADDs. The intent of this section is to discuss various rheological properties and test methods pertinent to LADDs. Interested readers are referred to Chapter 4, which deals with the rheology of complex liquids and suspensions, and other books [76-79] and review articles [80-82] covering this subject. Heywood [83] discusses the criteria for selecting various commercial viscometers. 

Table 3.7 Properties and test methods of oxidised bitumen ...

ISO Textile glass reinforced thermosetting plastics—Properties and test methods... 

Property and Test Method Hyflon MFA Product and Typical Tensile Properties ... 

SAN Physical Properties and Test Methods, san resins possess many physical properties desired for thermoplastic applications. They are characteristically hard, rigid, and dimensionally stable with load-bearing capabilities. They are also transparent, have high heat distortion temperatures, possess excellent gloss and chemical resistance, and adapt easily to conventional thermoplastic fabrication techniques (232). 

These data are derived from many sources and refer to the set polymer without modifications. The values given will be only approximate, but should enable qualitative comparisons of properties. The values will vary with molecular weight, grade, method of measurement, etc. Good manufacturers will provide information about properties and test methods for their products, even obsolete ones. 

TABLE 11.3 The Properties and Test Methods of Sealing Gaskets [101,103] ... 

Emulsions resulting from the emulsion polymerisation of acrylic or vinyl monomers are unique compared to other resins used for surface coating applications. As such they have properties which are totally different to a conventional solution acrylic, polyester or alkyd resins. Their mechanism of film formation is totally different to other types of resins. Because particles are present it is necessary for them to coalesce to film form and pigmentation is also different to conventional solution polymers. Consider first the unique properties and test methods of emulsion polymers. 

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