Propellants propane

Hydroca.rbons. Hydrocarbonsn such as propane, butane, and isobutane, which find use as propellants, are assigned numbers based upon their vapor pressure in psia at 21°C. For example, as shown in Table 2, aerosol-grade propane is known as A-108, / -butane as A-17. Blends of hydrocarbons, eg, A-46, and blends of hydrocarbons and hydrochlorocarbons orHCFCs are also used. The chief problem associated with hydrocarbon propellants is their flammabihty. 

In 1987 nonmotor fuel uses of butanes represented ca 16% of the total consumption. Liquid petroleum gas (LPG) is a mixture of butane and propane, typically in a ratio of 60 40 butane—propane however, the butane content can vary from 100 to 50% and less (see Liquefied petroleum gas). LPG is consumed as fuel in engines and in home, commercial, and industrial appHcations. Increasing amounts of LPG and butanes are used as feedstocks for substitute natural gas (SNG) plants (see Fuels, synthetic). / -Butane, propane, and isobutane are used alone or in mixture as hydrocarbon propellents in aerosols (qv). 

Peclet number, 352 trickle operation, 92-93 gas phase, 94 liquid phase, 103 Penetration theory, 340 Polymers, 38-40 n-Propane, 178 Propellants, solid combustion, 4-50 flameless, 45... 

Many gases dissolve in fats and make good propellants. However, most are flammable or toxic, or they react with the fats. Other possible propellants, such as the propane used in hairsprays or in Freon, also cause intoxication when they dissolve in the fats around nerve cells. These substances are not used, since their flammability, safety, cost, or taste makes them less desirable than nitrous oxide for spray cans of whipping cream. 

Hydrocarbons have also been considered as potential propellants for pharmaceutical aerosols. To date concerns regarding flammability seem to have precluded significant developments with propane, isobutane, butane, and mixtures of these alkanes [28]. 

The propellant mixture present in the can was also detected in the headspace GC/MS analysis. These peaks eluted very early in the chromatogram and were not well separated. The propellant was a mixture primarily of propane and the isomers of butane and pentane. 

SAQ 1.7 The usual choice of propellant within an aerosol of air freshener is propane gas. What is the volume of propane following compression, if 1 dm3 of gaseous propane is compressed from a pressure of 1 atm to a pressure of 2.5 atm Assume the temperature is kept constant during the compression. 

It is common for the can to contain a propellant in addition to the actual components of the air freshener mixture. Commonly, butane or propane are chosen for this purpose, although CFCs were the favoured choice in the recent past. 

Such a can is thrown away when it contains no more air freshener, although it certainly still contains much propellant. Incineration of the can leads to an increase in the kinetic energy of the remaining propellant molecules, causing them to move faster and faster. And as their kinetic energy increases, so the frequency with which they strike the internal walls of the can increases. The force of each collision also increases. In fact, we rediscover the ideal gas equation, Equation (1.13), and say that the pressure of the gas (in a constant-volume system) increases in proportion to any increase in its temperature. In consequence, we should not incinerate an old can of air freshener because the internal pressure of any residual propellant increases hugely and the can explodes. Also note the additional scope for injury afforded by propane s flammability. 

Simple hydrocarbons can also be used as CFC substitutes. Hydrocarbons such as propane, 2-methylpropane (common name isobutane), and butane are efficient aerosol propellants. These hydrocarbons are stable and inexpensive, but they are extremely flammable. 

Fig. 7.20 shows the effect of an added catalyst on the burning rates of propellants composed of fine or coarse AP particles. The added catalyst is 2,2-bis(ethylferro-cenyl)propane (BEEP). The burning rates of both propellants are seen to be increased significantly by the addition of 1.0% BEFP. BEFP has a more pronounced effect on the burning rate of the propellant composed of fine AP particles than on that of the propellant composed of coarse AP particles. The temperature sensitivity of the propellant composed of fine AP particles with 1.0% BEFP is lower than that of the propellant composed of coarse AP particles with 1.0% BEFP. 

The EPA outlawed CFC-11 and -12 in aerosol and propellant applications because of fear of ozone depletion. They were replaced by propane and butane, highly flammable hydrocarbons. 

Inhalants are found in many commercial products and are not listed as controlled substances. They can be solvents such as toluene, found in paint thinner, degreaser, nail polish remover, gasoline, and glue propellants such as butane and propane. 

Fill in aerosol cans with propellants such as propane and butane or with manual valves. 

Fill the solution into spray cans with the necessary quantity of propellant (e. g. propane/butane) or in a mechanical pump bottle. 

D.C. Sayles, Propellant with Acrylate Copolymer Binder and Butanetriol Trinitrate Plasticizer , USP Applic B64868 (1975) CA 82, 158374 (1975) [The inventor claims a smokeless proplnt with a specific impulse of 265.1 lb-see/lb-m with the following formulation 95/5 ethyl acrylate—acrylic acid copolymer (4.6), butanetriol trinitrate (12.85), 1,2,3-tris-[1,2-bis(diflnoroamino) ethoxy] propane (12.85), HMX (48.5), AP (19.2), diepoxydicyclo-hexyl carboxylate (1.5) and carbon black (0.5 wt %)] 75) J JB. Flanagan V.E. Hauxy, Pro-... 

LPG (liquefied petroleum gas)— propane or (less commonly) butane, obtained by extraction from natural gas or from refinery processes. LPG has a vapor pressure sufficiently low to permit compression and storage in a liquid state at moderate pressures and normal ambient temperatures. Pressurized in metal bottles or tanks. LPG is easily handled and readily lends itself to a variety of applications as a fuel, refrigerant, and propellant in packaged aerosols. LPG is also called LP gas and bottled gas. See natural gas liquids. 

A man habitually enjoyed the euphoric effects of inhaling whiffs of nitrous oxide in seclusion, and kept a cylinder of the gas in his sedan for that purpose. He decided to spray the faded car seats with an aerosol can of vinyl dressing (propane/butane propellant) with the windows closed. Then he had a whiff of gas from the briefly... 

Aerosols Sprays containing propellants and solvents. In the United States, spray paints contain butane and propane (aliphatic hydrocarbons), fluorocarbon, hydrocarbons, and toluene hair sprays and air fresheners contain butane, propane, and fluorocarbon aerosol spray topical pain relievers and asthma sprays contain fluorocarbon. 

Propane is both highly inflammable and explosive and requires proper care and management of workplaces. Its use in industry includes a source for fuel and propellant for aerosols. Occupational workers exposed to liquified propane have demonstrated skin bums and frostbite. Propane also causes CNS depression.3... 

A number of compressed and liquified gases are used as refrigerants and aerosol propellants. These include nitrous oxide, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, propane, and butane. The use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) is restricted because of environmental pollution leading to health hazards. These have been replaced by hydrogenated fluorocarbons (HFCs), which are less likely to cause environmental pollution. 

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