Promoter module

GanB, R., Schiitz, G., and Beermann, F. (1994a). The mouse tyrosinase gene promoter modulation by positive and negative regulatory elements. J. Biol. Chem. (in press). 

The core promoter module can be defined functionally by its capability to assemble the transcription initiation complex (see Figure 4.3) and orient it specifically towards the TSS of the promoter [13], defining the exact location of the TSS. Various combinations of about four distinguishable core promoter elements that constitute a general core promoter can achieve this. This module includes the TATA box, the initiator region (INR), an upstream activating element, and a downstream element. (The TATA box is a basic... 

Basically, at least the four different core promoter types detailed above have been identified so far, which all represent valid combinations of core promoter sites (reviewed in [17]). If the combinations involving upstream and downstream elements are also considered, a total of 7 possible core promoter modules are possible (most of which can be actually found in genes and consist of the four variants in Figure 4.2 adding upstream or downstream elements or both). 

Klingenhoff, A., Frech, K., Quandt, K., Werner, T. (1999) Functional promoter modules can be defected by formal models independent of overall nucleoside sequence similarity. 

Luo X, Yang W, Ye DQ, et al. A functional variant in microRNA-146a promoter modulates its expression and confers disease risk for systemic lupus erythematosus. PLoS Genet. 2011 7(6) el002128. 

Andreotti, P. E. (1982). Phorbol ester tumor promoter modulation of alloantigen specific T lymphocyte responses. Immunol. 129 91-96. 

---