Production by microorganisms

Insulin is one of the important pharmaceutical products produced commercially by genetically engineered bactera. Before this development, commercial insulin was isolated from animal pancreatic tissue. Microbial insulin has been available since 1982. The human insulin gene is introduced into a bacterium like E. coli. Two of the major advantages of insulin production by microorganisms are that the resultant insulin is chemically identical to human insulin, and it can be produced in unlimited quantities. 

Halasz, A., Barath, A., Simon-Sarkadi, L. and Holzapfel, W.H. (1994). Biogenic amines and their production by microorganisms in food. Trends Food Sci. TechnoL, 5, 42. 

Primary vitamin K deficiency is uncommon, not only because of the presence of vitamin K in many plant and animal tissues but also due to its production by microorganisms in the intestine. Broad spectrum antibiotics, however, can lead to low levels of vitamin K due to loss of microorganisms in the intestine. Newborn infants can become deficient since it does not cross the placenta, hence... 

H. J. Mailing3 39 ORNL, Biology Div. Research Staff Genetics, Microbiology Mutation induction enzyme production by microorganisms induction of cancer... 

As a consequence of sialidase production by microorganisms and viruses, chronic inflammatory or immunological diseases such as glomerulonephritis or asthma may result [245,795]. Sialidase-producing bacteria in disease and phenomena resulting from the action of sialidases in bacterial infections have been summarized [245]. 

Both Tween 20 and 80 are non-toxic and suitable for food and/or biofechnical use, such as stimulants for enzyme production by microorganisms [29-31] and additives in the SSF process for ethanol production [2]. BSA was used to improve the enzymatic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass because of its high affmity to lignin but little affinity to cellulose [17]. 

Reports of ethylene production by microorganisms were made, e.g. by Ince and Knowles (1985) for bacteria, by Vanden Driessche et al. (1988) and Maillard et al. (1993) for algae, and by Axelrood-McCarthy and Linderman (1981), Rupp et al. (1989a,b) and Strzelczyk et al. (1994) for fungi. 

Creation of reservoirs by enlargement of riverine lakes and flooding of adjacent lands has led to a marked rise in rates of methylmer-cury production by microorganisms in sediments. This process has resulted mainly from increased microbial activity via increased use of orgaiuc materials under conditions of reduced oxygen. Increased net methylation in flooded humus and peat soils, especially in anoxic conditions, was determined experimentally and judged to be the main reason for increased methylmercury concentrations in reservoirs. 

A biodegradable pesticide is one that is quickly converted to harmless products by microorganisms and natural processes. Pyrethrins are an example of a class of biodegradable insecticides. An example of a pyrethrin is shown here. 

In recent years, the increased demand in exploration of natural sources for white biotechnology processes has led to a renewed interest in exopolysaccharides (EPSs) production by microorganisms. Although their production was first reported in the 1880s, still biosynthesis is regarded as largely unexplored. The microbial EPSs are between the most multifunctional and industrially interesting compounds and research in this area has led to the development of fermentation processes for several microbial... 

Bajpai, P. and Bajpai, P.K. (1992) Arachidonic add production by microorganisms. Bio-technol. Appl. Biochem. 15, 1-10. 

Efficient enzymatic degradation and complete utilization of agricultural and forestry wastes for single cell protein production by microorganisms require the conversion of cell wall... 

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