Procyanidins Resveratrol

Lactones Furans Flavones Anthocyanidins Procyanidins Carbohydrates Glucosides Resveratrol and di-, tri-, and tetrameric derivatives Thiazoles Fragrances 1.3-Oxathians Pyrroles Pyrazines Fungicides Wine principles in treatment of human diseases. 

A similar cardioprotective benefit is achieved by agents and antioxidant enzymes that scavenge hydroxyl radicals (or reduce their formation), but not by agents that reduce superoxide anion production. Some compounds of plant origin that have been shown to protect against ischemic injury are procyanidine from Vitis vinifera resveratrol from red wine, " and ginseng extract. ... 

One of the main reasons for this lack of concretion is the complexity of plant matrices, whose diversified secondary metabolism includes a vast number of different compounds with close structures that can be hard to identify. Some of these families with a well-documented bibliography related to health effects comprise alkaloids, phenolic compounds (including phenolic acids, stilbenes like resveratrol, or flavonoids such as anthocyanins, procyanidins, or isoflavones), terpenoids, carotenoids, sulfur compounds (such as glucosinolates and isothiocyanates), etc. Their presence and amount in the plant source depend on multiple factors including variety, organ of the plant, soil, sun exposure, climate, or even ways of cultivation. 

Skin hydroxycinnamates, anthocyanins, resveratrol, procyanidins, f lavonols, sesquiterpenes, tneialonin... 

Phenolic substances in red wine were shown to inhibit LDL oxidation in vitro [95]. In previous studies, red wine-derived phenolic acids [115,116], resveratrol [117], flavonols (quercetin, myricetin) [68,118,119], catechins [66,120], and the grape extract itself [121,122] have been shown to possess antioxidant properties. The finding that ethanol and wine stripped of phenols did not affect LDL oxidation further confirmed that the active antioxidant components in red wine are phenolic compounds [123]. Red wine fractionation revealed major antioxidative potency to monomeric catechins, procyanidins, monomeric anthocyanidins, and phenolic acids [123]. The flavonol quercetin and the flavonol catechin were both tested for antioxidative and antiatherogenic effects in the atherosclerotic E° mice [111]. E° mice at the age of 4 weeks were supplemented for up to 6 weeks in their drinking water with placebo (1.1% alcohol) or with catechin or quercetin (50 pg/day/mouse). The atherosclerotic lesion area was smaller by 39% or by 46%, respectively, in the treated mice than in E° mice that were treated with placebo (Fig. 4A-E). 

Pomace is composed of grape seeds, stems, pulps and skins and contains pharmaceutically interesting polyphenolic compounds such as catechin, epicatechin, trans-resveratrol and procyanidin Bl. Such compounds have beneficial effects on human health including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and anticarcinogenic activities. 

Grape pomace is rich in extractable phenolic antioxidants (10-11% of dry weight). Grape seed contains abundant phenolic acids, flavonoids, procyanidins and resveratrol, while grape skins are rich in anthocyanins. 

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