Processing flow diagram

Figure C2.7.3. Process flow diagram for hydrofoniiylation of propene 4, stripping column 5, heat exchanger.

Fig. 1. Process flow diagram of the commercial propylene ammoxidation process for acrylonitrile. BFW, boiler feed water.

Fig. 7. A methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) fixed-bed process flow diagram. DME = dimethyl ether.

The large excess of water from the hydrolysis is removed in a series of multiple-effect evaporators (8), and the ethylene glycol is refined by vacuum distillation. Figure 3 depicts a typical process flow diagram. 

Fig. 2. Process flow diagram for the production of chrome-tanned cattle hide leather. Adapted from Ref. 3.

Fig. 11. Spheripol process flow diagram (131). CW = cooling water. Courtesy of Gulf PubHshing Co.

The layout can only be started after a process flow diagram is available. The process flow diagram includes information such as the principal equipment items and order of the process flow. A sized equipment Hst is also useful from the standpoint of knowing what spaces are required to fit the equipment. Availabihty of a preliminary piping and instmmentation drawing (P ID) provides more information to aid in spacing equipment and thinking about piperack requirements. 

Development of a preliminary layout requires the following information (/) process flow diagrams (2) plot limits (J) process unit rough area... 

Fig. 5. Initial piping transposition (a) process flow diagram and (b) plotplan (1).

SPA Catalyst. The sohd phosphoric acid (SPA) catalyst process has been the domiaant source of cumene siace the 1930s. This process accounts for more than 90% of cumene operating capacity (59). A simplified process flow diagram is given ia Figure 5. 

WeU-written procedures should begin with a purpose and scope. The procedure section usually follows, describing the work process, and it should be clearly and concisely written. The document should include copies of all forms and a process flow diagram for illustration. 

Figure 2 shows a general process flow diagram for almost all production of natural sodium sulfate. Glauber s salt can be converted to anhydrous sodium sulfate by simply drying it in rotary kilns. Direct drying forms a fine, undesirable powder, and any impurities in the Glauber s salt become part of the final product. This process is not used in the United States but is used in other countries. 

Fig. 3. Process flow diagram for a continuous falling film SO sulfonation plant, equipped with a sulfur-burning SO converter unit. See text.

Fig. 9. Pyroform process flow diagram (38). Ref = refrigeration, CW = cooling water, and BFW = boiling feedwater.

Fig. 20. Process flow diagram for PACT wastewater treatment system.

Fig. 5. ABF (activated bio filter) process flow diagram (redwood medium) (22,23).

Phase I Preassessment. (/) Audit focus and preparation. (2) Identify unit operations and processes. (J) Prepare process flow diagrams. 

Fig. 3. Simplified process flow diagram of a naphtha hydrotreater and rheniformer.

More than 95% of current carbon fiber production for advanced composite appHcations is based on the thermal conversion of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) or pitch precursors to carbon or graphite fibers. Generally, the conversion of PAN or pitch precursor to carbon fiber involves similar process steps fiber formation, ie, spinning, stabilization to thermoset the fiber, carbonization—graphitization, surface treatment, and sizing. Schematic process flow diagrams are shown in Eigure 4. However, specific process details differ. 

Fig. 4. Process flow diagrams for (a) PAN-based and (b) pitch-based carbon fiber processes.

Separation Processes. Separation of the catalyst from the products is a significant expense the process flow diagram and the processing cost are often dominated by the separations. Many soluble catalysts are expensive, eg, rhodium complexes, and must be recovered and recycled with high efficiency. The most common separation devices are distiUation columns extraction is also appHed. 

Fig. 6. Process flow diagram for methanol carbonylation to make acetic acid (22).

Fig. 7. Process flow diagram for the two-phase hydroformylation of propylene where 1 = reactor 2 = separator 3 = phase separator ...

Industrial examples of phase-transfer catalysis are numerous and growing rapidly they include polymerisa tion, substitution, condensation, and oxidation reactions. The processing advantages, besides the acceleration of the reaction, include mild reaction conditions, relatively simple process flow diagrams, and flexibiHty in the choice of solvents. 

Fig. 12. Lime spray dryer process flow diagram. Reproduced by permission of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1991 (67).

The second area, the implementation of a modem process monitoring and control system, is the most dramatic current appHcation of CAD/CAM technology to the chemical process industry. The state of the art is the use of computer graphics to display the process flow diagram for sections of the process, current operating conditions, and controUer-set points. The process operator can interact directly with the control algorithms through the... 

Fig. 3. Schematic process flow diagram for an imitation cheese product having the following formulation dry ingredients, calcium caseinate (or rennet casein), 24.5 wt % tapioca flour, 3.0 wt % salt, 2.16 wt % adipic acid, 0.6 wt % vitamins and minerals, 0.1 wt % sorbic acid (mold inhibitor), 0.5 wt % fat—color blend, soybean oil hydrogenated to a Wiley melting point of 36°C, 21.3 wt % lactylated monoglycerides, 0.05 wt % red-orange coloring, 0.01 wt...

Fig. 5. Schematic process flow diagram for soy milk via the Illinois process (25). To convert MPa to psi, multiply by 145.

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