Process evaluation financing

Accounting is also the language of business, and the different departments of management use it to communicate within a broad context of financial and cost terms. Engineers involved in feasibihty studies and detailed process evaluations are dependent for financi information on the company accountants, especially for information on the way in which the company intends to allocate its overhead costs. It is vital that engineers correctlv interpret such information and that they can, if necessaiy, make tlie accountants understand the effect of the chosen method of allocation. 

Either the inventory analysis or the environmental profile can be used to identify aspects in need of improvement. Once the processes and substances with the most significant contributions to the environmental profile have been identified, the search for more environmentally-friendly alternatives can start. These alternatives then have to be evaluated individually by experts within, for example marketing, processing and finance and then compared with each other to establish the most feasible alternative. 

Following development of the study direction, the evaluation describes the efforts of obtaining and validating process information, and then discusses equipment specifications and a cost estimate of the feasibility or budget type i.e., with plant costs factored from major material. Finally, project economics and financing complete the evaluation. 

A good design is both art and science. Creativity is needed to come up with a product concept that has either not been considered before or has been considered and abandoned. Discipline is needed to investigate and evaluate all the details to make sure that they fit together, which is an exercise in multiscale optimization the product structure is in the molecular scale of nanometers to micrometers, the process equipment is in centimeter to meter scales, marketing and finance are played in the meter to hundred kilometer scales, and environmental concerns are on a global scale. 

Each of these aspects needs to be quantified in the project evaluation process. FINANCING A PROJECT... 

The decision by company management to commercialize a process is ased almo.st entirely on the economic evaluation made with the coopera->ve efforts of many groups within the company. These groups include ccounting and finance, marketing and sales, and engineering design and peration. 

To develop and monitor any aspect of drug policies - which naturally include cost containment - one needs to collect reliable and valid data on processes and outcomes. This chapter focuses on the data needed to detect and evaluate the impact of a drug policy on the different elements of drug management and delivery. Important variables relate to the various aspects of prescribing, dispensing and consumption, but also to the ultimate consequences in terms of health and finance. The types of data discussed in this chapter therefore include facts and hgures on pharmaceutical expenditure, utilization, price, health and economics outcomes, as well as data on the pharmaceutical industry. 

It is necessary then the implementation of decision systems that seek to contribute to the process of risk analysis, whether involving questions of technical aspects on evaluation and measurement, aspects of risk management and the influence of the environment in risk situations. Brito Almeida (2009) proposed a multicriteria decision model to rank pipeline sections into a risk hierarchy, considering three risk dimensions human, environmental and finance. 

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