Process evaluation bottleneck

The flowchart is a helpful tool in identifying and evaluating the capacities of each element of the process and areas of the process that can be improved (e.g., areas that are causing bottlenecks for improved efficiency). A... 

The bottleneck of a calculation in solution is the evaluation of the polarization which, in the case of PCM, corresponds to the evaluation of the apparent surface charges. In particular, the bottleneck is represented by the evaluation of the products between the integral matrices of the electrostatic potential (matrix S in Equation (1.8.6)) or of the normal component of the electric field (matrix D in Equation (1.92)) and the apparent charges vector q. Thus the criterion we use to compare the standard and the simultaneous approach is based on the number of matrix products (Sq or D q) necessary in the whole optimization process. We also remind the reader that the dimension of the matrices is equal to the square of the number of the surface elements. 

Process monitoring is a prerequisite for the improvement of process performance, that means the identification of bottlenecks in biosynthesis, to improve the process strategy and to use suitable process control. In situ and fast on-line monitoring is needed for process control, but no fast analysis is necessary for identification of bottlenecks and for evaluation of the optimal process strategy. 

The HPLC-MS/MS and UPLC-MS/MS bioanalytical methods described in this chapter have been utilized for determination of PK parameters for support of drug discovery, preclinical development, and clinical development programs. The trend has been to evaluate PK parameters much earlier in the drug discovery process and the bioanalytical methods have been validated following optimization by DoE. Development and optimization of the assays is performed more efficiently by DoE and require only a fraction of the experiments if each factor were changed separately. The main emphasis has been to develop bioanalytical methods with high selectivity and sensitivity, since sample throughput has never been the bottleneck. The main focus today is on automatization of the whole workflow for a PK evaluation in different species and matrices. 

Meet the environmental and quality requirements of the Specialty pulp market Early in the process design, the mill decided to utilize simulation to outline and evaluate several mill upgrade alternatives. This approach made it possible to test hypotheses and assess different alternatives at a small cost and has helped with de-bottlenecking of the process before the actual systems were built. Steady state simulation was utilized to provided the required mass and energy balance, while dynamic simulation has later been used to verify the design parameters like equipment sizing. 

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