Probation

Bowron et al. [11] have performed neutron diffraction experiments on 1,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride ([MMIM]C1) in order to model the imidazolium room-temperature ionic liquids. The total structure factors, E(Q), for five 1,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride melts - fully probated, fully deuterated, a 1 1 fully deuterated/fully probated mixture, ring deuterated only, and side chain deuterated only - were measured. Figure 4.1-4 shows the probability distribution of chloride around a central imidazolium cation as determined by modeling of the neutron data. 

Prior to the collision, Juarez had been on probation for sales of narcotics and had been reporting to an adult probation officer. 

The officer testified concerning a 2-year period of probation during which Juarez continually used PCP, as evidenced by toxicological screening, a condition of probation. This information was introduced by the prosecution to show Juarez s awareness of PCP and its effect upon him. 

For most judges, sentencing a person who has been convicted of a crime is a difficult decision. In the majority of jurisdictions throughout the country, judges have few sentencing options from which to choose. Generally, their options are confined to a fine, probation, or incarceration. Crimes, however, cover a wide spectrum of criminal behavior and motivation, and a wide variety of sanctions should be available. 

March 11, 1993 Smirnov received 3 years probation for stealing and storing radioactive material... 

The ACS High Polymer Forum, similar to today s Macromolecular Secretariat, with the help of C.S. Fuller and A.C. Elm, began meeting at the 19 16 Atlantic City ACS meeting. Through the efforts of the Polymer Forum, the Division of Paint, Varnish and Plastics Chemistry and others in 1948 a group of university and industry chemists petitioned the American Chemical Society to establish a separate division of Polymer Chemistry. After a probation period... 

For some men suffering from an unhealthy obsession with sex, MPA could prove a helpful medicine. But, use of MPA quickly expanded beyond voluntary use. California, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Louisiana, Montana, and Oregon have all passed chemical castration statutes. While these statutes vary, most provide a legislative authorization for court-imposed MPA injections as a probation condition for certain sexual offenses. ... 

Less than one month after Norplant received FDA approval, a California court offered a woman a choice between serving a seven-year sentence for child abuse, or serving only one year and having Norplant implanted while on probation. The woman chose Norplant. 

A Kansas Legislator introduced a bill in 1991, that would have paid welfare mothers 500 if they would consent to using Norplant, and an additional 50 for each year that they remained on the contraceptive.After the bill failed, its author proposed a second bill that would make the insertion of Norplant a condition of probation for women convicted of certain drug possession offenses.The bill did not pass. Representative David Duke of Louisiana, (a former leader in the Ku Klux Klan who ran for President of the United States in 1992) unsuccessfully introduced a similar bill in 1991, which would have paid welfare mothers 100 per month if they agreed to Norplant." ... 

Federal and state lawmakers should enact laws providing that in the absence of extraordinary circumstances clearly stated on the record and subject to appellate review, the use of pharmacotherapy may not be imposed as a term of a criminal sentence, or as a condition for parole or probation. 

Glaze, L.E, (2003, August). Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin Probation and Parole in the United States, 2002. (U.S, Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs. NCJ 201135.) http //www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/ pdf/ppus02.pdf h full text) In 2002,6.7 million people were on probation, in jail or prison, or on parole at yearend 2002 - 3.1% of all U.S. adult residents or 1 in every 32 adults. (Bureau of Justice Statistics, Corrections Statistics, Retrieved April 9, 2004 from http //www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/ correct.htm)... 

People V. Johnson, No, 29390 (Cal, Super. Ct., Tulare County 1991), See also, Rees, Matthew, (1991, December 9). Shot in the Arm The Use and Abuse of Norplant, Involuntary Contraception and Public Policy, New Republic, p, 16, The woman later changed her mind, but the Judge refused to reconsider the condition, Cn appeal, the merits of the condition were not discussed because the woman was found to have violated probation by using cocaine. Thus, the Norplant condition was moot on appeal. See, Birth Curb Crder Is Declared Moot, (1992, April 15). New York Times, p, A23... 

Probation and Parole in the United States, 2002. 8/03, NCJ 201135. Retrieved April 19, 2004 from http-//www.oJp.usdoJ.gov/bjs/absiraci/... 

Horwitz, Andrew, (2000). Coercion, Pop-Psychology, and Judicial Moralizing Some Proposals for Curbing Judicial Abuse of Probation Conditions. 57... 

In general, employers, parol officers, probation officers, police, health insurance companies, government agencies, the military, parents, and athletic organizations drug test. 

U.S. Congress passes the Armed Career Criminal Act, amending the Gun Control Act of 1968. It imposes stiff fines and prison terms for felons and other prohibited classes of persons who receive, possess, or transport a firearm. An appropriation bill passed by Congress eliminates probation or suspended sentences for persons committing a federal felony with any firearm and imposes an add-on 15-year sentence for possession of a firearm by a robber or burglar who is a repeat offender. 

Im Gegensatz hierzu ist die sogenannte Bis-lactimether-Methode ein weiterhin probates und vielseitiges Verfahren zur Herstellung beider Enantiomerer einer groflen Anzahl von naturlichen und nicht-natiirlichen a-Amino-carbonsauren sowie von a,a-disubstituier-ten a-Aminosauren hoher optischer Reinheit3. 

Boredom is a great enemy in this situation, with marked differences between areas and countries in the UkeUhood of gaining employment. In our areas unemployment generally is at high levels, and drug users can feel as if they have few or no prospects. There is no establishment of special schemes whereby users who have detoxified can secure employment as part of rehabilitation, and we often have to provide much encouragement and practical help to seek the few opportunities that there are. The probation service can sometimes offer places on schemes for ex-offenders in particular. 

Robert is 28 years old and had used drugs since teenage years. For many years his preference was amphetamines, progressing to daily injected use. He then moved on to using heroin, presenting to our service about a year later. He completed a community detoxification from heroin but, perhaps predictably, relapsed into amphetamine use. He was re-referred by the probation service after committing several offences. 

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