Principles of Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis ESCA

1 Principles of Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) 

ESCA involves energy analysis of electrons emitted from a surface after it has been bombarded with X-ray photons, ultraviolet photons, or electrons. If a material is irradiated with monochromatic photons (fixed energy) of frequency v, the photons may be absorbed, resulting in the emission of electrons. The energetics of the process can be defined by the Einstein relation  

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